I

THE FUR TRADE

THE HAWTHORNE VENTURE

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 78

THO COOPER159 CR
June 27th 1652
Impr By 348 skins of Bever weighing
452 li & ½ at 9s 4d per li is		211		03	04
3 otters at 3 li 17s		003		17	00
July 7th 1652
By 16 li weight of Bever at 8s per li		006		08	00
		221		08	04
Rests due to Ballance		051		14	02
posted to p 28
Goodm Cooper owes mee for severall pticulars as they are summed up at the bottome of the next side (p 27) the whole sum that is due to me there is		12		02	08
And Due to mee in my old booke pug for Severall pticulars there mentioned amounting to	18			12	08
	30		15			04
Recd by your Removing my Cowhouse to the Barne	10		00			00
Recd by 55 li of venison at 2d ½	00		10			08
Recd 4 days worke	00		08			08
Recd 3 days	00		04			02
Recd ½ a day	00		00			10
Recd By fish	00		02			00
By a ql of veale	00		02			00
By 4 days & ½ worke dressing of
Bever & helping me	00		09			00
Recd by your going after my servants	00		03			00
Recd by Reice Bedertha160	02		00			00
Recd 2 bush ½ & ¼ peck of wheate	00		10			00
	14		10			05
Aprill 26th 1653
Acoted & Rests due to me from
Tho Cooper the sum off	16		04			11
2 li & 1 li of sugar	00		03			06
5 qts of vinegar	00		03			09
Plowing 2 acres & ½	00		17			0
	[torn]
7 li of Sugar	00		08			02
green say	00		02			00
pd for you to Miles Morgan161 for 1 day worke
Removing the cow house	00		01			08
Due to me on a mistake in old Booke p 118 I
set downe Recd of Bro Smith & Holyoke162 5 li 14s 8d when as I Recd but 3 li 13s 4d so that you are to allow me upon this mistake 2 li 3s 4d	02		03			04
1 li of Sugar	00		01			02
3 li of Sugar	00		03			06
	02		00			00
[illegible] of Sugar [illegible]
John Mathews163	00		07			00
pd for you to David Chapin164 about the
Millworke more than you acoted	00		00			09
	20		19			03
Recd by ½ a day worke	00		01			00
by 6 suckers165	00		00			09
by a loine of veale	00		01			00
Recd by stringing 212 fad & ½ of wampam166	01		06			06½
By dressing of 8 Bundles of Bever	00		04			00
stringing 181 fad ½ of wampam	01		02			08
for day Reaping	00		01			00
Recd by what I pay you toward the Mill worke
in full that what is Due to you for that worke	03		07			02
Recd by your helping to Pack my hhds &
other help for which I allow you	00		15			00
			[torn]
July 25 1653	06		19			01
Acoted & Rests due to me Posted to p 30	04		00			02

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 79

THOMAS COOPER [DR]
May the 6th day 1652
Sold him the commoditys here following to be
pd in Bever at current price or in good
wampam sometime with in the yeare Imprm
107 yds of Red shag Cotton at 3s per yd	16	01	00
56 yds of Red shag Cotton at 2s gd per yd	07	14	00
13 yds & ¼ of Red sh Cott at 3s 4d	02	04	02
47 yds of Red napt Cot at 3s 2d	07	08	10
24 yds & ½ of wt Cotton at 2s 5d	02	19	02
Trading Cloth Blew
44 yds ¾ at 7s per yd	15	13	03
44 at 7s	15	08	00
44 yds	15	08	00
42 yds & ½	14	17	06
44 yds	15	08	00
42 yds	14	14	00
2 doz pr of wt Cotton stockens at 26s
per doz	02	12	00
1 doz of Capps	01	04	00
6 doz of knives at 5s per doz	01	10	00
2 doz at 5s 6d per doz	00	11	00
4 doz of sissars at 3s 6d	00	14	00
2 doz large at 4s 6d	00	09	00
107 fadam of wt wampa at 5s per fadam &
4 li over	26	19	00
321 fatham of wt wampam	80	05	00
In black wampam	18	12	00
Binding tape Needles Points167 &c	03	15	10
July 7th 1652
1 pce of Red shag Cotton that 53 yds ¾ at 3s 3d	08	14	09
Posted to the next side	273	02	06
1 li of Powder 2s	00	02	00
pd for you to John Web 3s 8d	00	03	08
1 pr Stockens 2s 6d	00	02	06
½ li Allem168 ½ Coppers169 8 laces	00	01	01½
1 yd ¾ of Red cotton at 3s 2d	00	05	06½
4 leather laces	00	00	04
1 bush of Pease	00	03	00
½ bush of Pease	00	01	06
1 yd & ½ of Lockram at 20d	00	02	06
For my Bull Ano 1652 you are to pay	00	02	00
To Goodw Coop170 31 Agust 1652
1 Q of Paper	00	00	06½
2 yds ¾ of Canvas at 2s 8d	00	07	04
12 yds at 21d	01	01	00
1 yd ¼ holland at 4s	00	05	00
3 yds Scots cloth171 at 2s 6d	00	07	06
2 pr stocks at 4s	00	08	00
3 pr at 22d 1 pr 18d 1 pr 9d	00	07	09
2 yds ½ of Course Canvas at 12d	00	02	06
7 yds of stuff at 5s 3d	01	16	09
6 yds of Canvas at 20d	00	10	00
1 [illegible] of Pins		[blank]
5 oz of Third Col172	00	01	08
1 oz ½ bb Thrid 2 oz wted bro173	00	01	01
1 li of bro thrid 8 sc of ff thrd174 8d	00	04	00
8 sc of Coventry thread 2d	00	00	02
1 yd ½ greene say at 6s 9d	00	10	01½
6 yds wt fustion at 18d	00	09	00
2 Pap of Pins at 5d 2 sc of silke	00	01	00½
1 pce blew tape 13d	00	01	01
3 yds of blew linnen at 19d	00	04	09
2 yds of blew linnen at 23d	00	13	10
4 yds of kersy at 9s 4 doz ½ Buttons at 5d 11 sc silke	01	19	00
¼ & nayle of greene Cotton at 10d	00	00	10
For Apples	00	07	00
½ yd 3 nayles of lawne at 9s 4d	00	06	05
½ & ½ ql of greene Cotton at 3s 2d	00	05	02
[torn] Rate to the killing of wolves	00	01	09
bushells of Pease at 3s per bush	00	15	00
posted back	12	02
			[torn]

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 80

THO COOPER DEBITOR

24th of August 1652
To Blew Trading Cloth
40 yds at 6s 8d per yd	13	06	08
46 yds ½ at 7s per yd	16	05	06
45 yds at 7s	15	15	00
45 yds ½ at 7s	15	18	06
45 yds	15	15	00
46 yds ½	16	05	06
1 Red 46 yds	16	02	00
102 yds of wt shag Cotton at 2s 11d	14	17	06
57 yds of Red sh cotton at 3s 4d	09	10	00
110 yds of Red shag Cotton at 3s 1d	16	19	02
53 yds ½ of blew shag Cotte at 3s per yd	08	00	06
2 grss of Awle blades175 at 6s 1 grss at 9s 6d	01	01	06
12 doz of Tin glasses176 at 2s	01	04	00
6 doz at 2s 6d 6 doz at 3s 6 doz at 18d	02	02	00
6 doz of Tobacco boxes at 2s	00	12	00
29 li of 12 brass kettles at 2s	02	18	00
2 li of Bone combes at 12s 6d	01	05	00
1 M of wt Mackrill hookes at 17s	00	17	00
½ M of bb at 14s is 7s	00	07	00
1 grss of Knives at 58s	02	18	00
8 doz Knives at 5s 6d	02	04	00
2 doz Knives at 11s	02	02	00
9 doz of sissars at 3s 4d	01	10	00
3 doz large at 4s 6d	00	13	06
1000 of Needles at 11s	00	11	00
200 at 2s 4d is	00	04	08
1 grss of large Points at 7s 8d	00	07	08
4 grss of Points at 4s	00	16	00
1 grss of wostead girdling at 15s	00	15	00
1 grss best wostd girdl at 19s	00	19	00
1 grss cotton binding at 14s	00	14	00
3 pcs manchestr binding at 3s 4d	00	10	00
1 doz of spoones at 6s 6d	00	06	06
1 doz of broad wt tape at 14s	00	14	00
8 pces narrow wt tape at 11d [7s]*177 gd	00	07	04
8 pces of Red tape at 12d	00	08	00
7 grss of Pewter buttons at 2s 6d	00	17	06
6 grss of thrid Buttons at 18d	00	09	00
1 doz & ½ of fore claspes178 at 3s	00	04	06
a canvas bag 9d	00	00	09
a large Pap booke179	00	03	06
1 grss & ½ of Cotton rib180 at 19s ½ grss at 26s	02	01	06
1 pce of 8d Cotton rib at 9s	00	09	00
3 doz of brass Thimbles at 18d	00	04	06
1 doz & ½ of Loome worke at 8s 4d
1 doz ½ at 6s 10d	01	02	09
5 doz of ferret Rib at 5s 3 doz at 3s 3d	01	14	06
1 doz of 8d mixt Rib at 7s 6d 3 doz of Taffety Rib at 6s	01	05	06
1 doz & silv rib at 6s 10 yds ½ at 4d
1 doz & ½ Tins rib at 5s	01	00	05
½ a pc of Lockram 65 yds at	04	12	00
1 doz of box locks 7s 3 doz pr of hinges at 2s 6d per doz	00	14	06
30 M of Pins at 14d	01	15	00
1 li ½ & 3 oz of cott thrid	00	08	00
1 pce of filletting	00	03	08
1 doz of best coll Incle	00	12	00
4 yds of loome worke at 7d	00	02	04
2 yds of wt fustion at 2s	00	04	00
2 yds of Cott at 20d	00	03	04
4 yds ¼ of Kersy Doble Devonsh at 11s 6d	02	11	09
6 yds of loope lace at 3d 4 sc of silke	00	01	11
3 doz of Buttons at 2s	00	06	00
4 M of 6d nayles to your Bro Glover181	01	06	08
300 of nayls at 4d 300 at 3d	00	01	09
1 yd of wt flannell	00	02	06
2 doz of Jewells 4s 2d 2 doz of Tobacco Tongs 13s	00	17	02
3 yds of kersy at 3s 8d per yd ¾ of a yd 4s 3d all is	00	15	03
3 Trading made Coates at 15s per Coate182
1 doz of caps 24s	03	09	00
pd for you to Sam Marshall183	00	11	06
2 pces Tape	00	02	03
2 doz of Caps 48s 1 grss of breech
clasps 2s 8d	02	10	08
on acot made up 7th July as in p 26
Rests due to me	[torn]	14	03
	2	[torn]	04

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 81

THO COOPER CR
Impr By 178 Bevers weighing 260 li &
½ at 8s 6d per li is	110	14	03
3 li ¾ of Bever at 2s 8d per li	000	10	00
6 Musquasses & a little one	000	03	00
Aprill 26th 1653
2 otters 22s 2 otters 10s	001	12	00
	112	19	03
[To Ballance (illegible)]*
Recd July 1653
By 145 li & ½ of Bever at 9s 6d per li	069	00	03
32 li at 9s per li	014	08	00
68 li of Bever at 10s per li	034	00	00
by 6 Musquashes	000	03	00
By 1 otter skin	000	08	00
30 pr of Bever Cods	000	10	00
4 li 5 oz of Bad Bever at 4s per li	000	17	03
	119	06	06
& above is	112	19	03
all is	232	05	09
July 25th 1653
To Ballance is Resting184 Due to J P	035	15	07
to Levell the Sum per Contra
Posted forward to the next side p 30

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 82

THO COOPER DR
18th May 1653
To 25 ¾ yds of Red shag cotton at 3s 3d	04	03	09
3 peices of tape	00	03	00
1 st June 1653
Trading cloth
46 yds at 7s per yd	16	02	00
45 yds at 7s	15	15	00
45 & 46 yds	31	17	00
2 pces of tape	00	02	00
5 yds Red shag Cotton at 3s 4d	00	16	08
9 yds & ½ of Red Trading cloth at 7s	03	06	06
21 yds of wt clothe at 6s 8d abating 6d per yd	06	13	06
27 yds & ½ of blew Cotton at 3s per yd	04	02	06
Resting on a Red wastcote	00	06	00
1 made Coate	00	15	00
on accot made up the 25th of July 1653 as in p 29 There Rests due to mee	35	15	07
on another acot made the 25th July as in p 26 There Rests due to mee	14	00	02
July 25th 1653
Acoted & Rests due to mee all is	134	04	08

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 162

MR WM PEECK185 CREDITOR
May 1652
Impr by a psell of wampam sent me in May 1652 per Goodm Bradly to the Sum off												15	05	05
By Goodm Bradly from John Lumbard												02	00	00
By G Dorchester on Wm Bradlys acot												02	00	00
By Cousin Benham186 in Agust 1652 36 li fad at 5s is 9 li & in black 4 li all is 13 li abate 14d to the li & It is												12	04	10
March 22th 1652/53
By Black wampam187 sent the beginning of winter
1 string 5 li 0 0								abate 14d to the li & Its but				09	09	03
1 string 3 17 6
more 1 04 6
In wt wampam	Strung	8	li								abate 14d to the li & it is but	11	18	09
in bl & wt	loose	4	13s		6d						abate 14d to the li & it is but	11	18	09
By himselfe Now 17 li 4s 11 d abate the 14d per li & it is												16	04	11
By so much to my Bro Holyoke												00	05	00
69 li 13s 11d
By 3 doz of aule blades at 11d per doz												00	02	09
By abatement in a pce of frize												00	03	00
Sept 17 1653
By a psell of Peag (with the allowance)												20	00	00
March 30th 1654
By a psell of Peag												04	12	06
												94	06	05
				To Ballance								44	13	05
March 30th 1654
By a bay horse												16	00	00
By 4 barrells of beife at 3 li 8s												13	12	00
4 Barrells of porke at 4 li 8s												17	12	00
By bl wampam												02	00	00
												49	04	00
July 24th 1654
Acoted & rests due to Mr Peeck which I owe him the Sum off												04	10	07
But the Barrells of Beife pved but
3 barrells at 3 li 10s is				10			10
the porke 3 bar at 4 li 10s				13			10
& 74 lb of porke				01			04
				25			04		00
So that they want 6 li of
31 li 4s which they were acoted				35		04				00
at which being abated												06	00	00
Resting due to me as I made up the acot												01	09	05
from Mr Peeck this 13th Agust 1654
Recd as by Mr Peck his letter of 27th Agust 1656
2 firkins188 of butter the one 57 li ½ & the other 60 li with the cask												03	02	00
Recd by a firkin of butter to Mr Winthrop189												01	10	00
Recd by 1 firkin to G Beale190 before last winter												01	12	01
												06	04	01
So is Resting due to mee from Mr Peck as I made up the acot this 12th Sept 1656, by Mr Peck his letter to me												00	19	00
				Reed & quit all
[lines illegible]

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 163

MR WM PEECK OF NEW HAVEN DR DEBITOR
Sold & sent him a psell of Goods Aprill the 3d 1652 amounting to the Sum of						48	11	03
Sent you from Boston
Septbr 1652
104 yds of Red napt Cotton at 3s 6d						18	04	00
43 yds ½ of Red Peniston at 3s 10d						08	06	10
1 pce of mixt north kersy 18 yds						07	10	00
March 22 1652
1 doz of large Sissars at 5s per doz						00	05	00
3 doz of smale sissars at 3s 8d per doz						00	07	04
knitting needles 4 bunches						00	02	00
10 doz of silke loope lace						00	02	08
2 doz of gallme lace at 2s 6d per doz
2 doz at 2s 8d per doz						00	10	04
6 pr of wastband buttons at 3d						00	01	06
1 grss of Pewter buttons at 2s 6d						00	02	06
2 pces of wosted gart191 at 16d 2 pcs at 22d						00	06	04
	96 li	16s	7d	200 of Needles rusty at 14d		00	02	04
Recd	69	13	11		8 yds of Red Cotton at 3s	01	04	00
So	27	2	8		Rests due to me this 22 of March 1652/53
Sept 17th 1653
Sold to Mris Peck192 as followeth
1 doz of brass Thimbles for women						00	02	00
1 gross of Pewter buttons						00	02	06
6 doz of black glass buttons at 3d ½						00	03	04
4 bunches of knitting needles						00	02	04
1 grss of hookes & Eyes for breechs						00	03	00
16 doz yd of silke looping at 3s						02	08	00
1 doz of sasnet striped rib						00	07	06
1 doz of silv rib at						00	07	00
1 doz 1 yd Tinsell rib						00	06	06
9 yds of broad striped cot gart at 5d						00	03	09
3 grss of smale silke buttons at 4s						00	12	00
1 grss of large buttons						00	08	00
a psell of Bugle hat Bands						00	12	00
Feb 21th 1653
Sold Mr Peck sent to Crosby by his order: as followeth
10 yds of stuff at 5s per yd						02	10	00
20 yds of Fine lockram at 23d per yd						01	18	04
11 yds of Linnen cloth at 2s 5d per yd						01	06	07
6000 of best pins at 15d per M						00	07	06
5 pap of grt pins at 5d per pap						00	02	01
1 doz of childrens stockens at						00	12	00
5 yds of wt blanketing at 7s 6d						01	17	06
1 pce of Jane fustion at 30s						01	10	00
1 brasill193 Tobacco box 2s 2d 1 with gls 3s						00	05	02
1 Tobacco box 5d 1 with glass 12d						00	01	05

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 172

MATHIAS SENSION OF WETHERSFEILD DR
Impr To Ballance of an acot Septembr 3d 1652 the sum off	17	04	10
Septembr 3d 1652
1 doz & ½ of best knives at 12s 2 knives
at 15d pce	01	00	06
1 doz knives at 6s 3 doz at 5s	01	01	06
1 doz of single Thimbles at 18d 1 doz ½ Doble at 2s 4d	00	05	00
1 grss & 3 doz of Pewter Buttons at	00	03	06
3 Belts at 5s 6d	00	15	00
1 doz of Inkhornes	00	06	00
10 Q of Pap	00	05	00
1 doz of sissars at 3s 6d 1 doz at 5s	00	08	06
2 doz of Lomeworke at 8s	00	16	00
1 li of Bone Combes	00	13	06
3 pces of Cotton Rib at 7s 6d 6 doz
at 20d	01	12	06
2 grss of Cassock Buttons at 4s	00	08	00
1 doz & ½ of silke ribban at 6s	00	09	00
2 doz of silke	00	06	00
1 doz of coll tape at 14s	00	14	00
3 pces at 9s	00	02	03
pces of manchestr & 1 pce wt filet
at 3s 6d	00	10	06
6 pces of wt tape at 12d 2 pces at 14d	00	08	04
6 pces of broad wt tape at 15d	00	07	06
6 yds of wt fustion at 18d	00	09	00
300 of ordinary Needles at 2s	00	06	00
6000 of Pins at 15s	00	07	06
6000 at 14d	00	07	00
10 Pap of grt Pins at 4d 5 Paps at 5d	00	05	05
1 li of bb Thrid	00	03	04
7 oz of Coll thrid	00	02	04
½ li wted bro thrid	00	04	00
6 yds of greene say at 6s 8d	02	00	00
2 yds ¼ & ½ of say at 5s 6d	00	13	00
12 yds of wt shag Cotton at 2s 10d	01	14	00
2 Remnants of wt Cotton at	00	10	00
a Remnant of Red napt beys	00	09	00
6 yds of greene Cotton at 3s	00	18	00
6 yds of Red Cotton at 3s 6d	01	01	00
2 yds 3 nayles of Kersy at 5s 7d	00	12	02
4 yds ¼ of greene Kersy at 5s 7d	01	03	09
Due for Severall pticulars in Fathers
booke, all accots being made up there
this 4th November 1652194	95	06	02
	134	08	07
Reed this 4th Novembr 1652
In wampam & 4s silver	006	06	00
So Rests due to me of all acots to this
day the sum of	128	02	07
Novembr 4 1652
more did 12 yds of wt Cotton at 2s 6d	001	10	00
a Remnant of Red Cotton	000	13	00
a Remnant of green say	00	13	00
10 yds & ½ of wt flannell at 2s 6d	02	06	03
31 yds of wt shag Cotton at 2s 11d	04	10	05
12 yds of Red sh Cotton at 3s 7d	02	03	00
3 doz of Knives at 5s 1 doz at 6s	01	01	00
1 doz Sissars at 3s 6d 1 doz 5s	00	08	06
5 doz of thrid laces at 11d 2 doz
leather at 10d 2 doz points	00	07	00
6 doz glass Buttons 1s 4d 1 grss
Pewter Buts195 2s 8d	00	04	00
1 oz ½ of silke 4s 6d 21 yds looplace
4s 8d 1 grss Buttons 4s	00	13	02
12 yds fer Rib 6s 5 yds oo¾ 2s 11d
Red Cot Rib 2s 4d	00	11	03
3 doz of Cotton rib at 20d	00	05	00
1 doz & ½ of gallome at 2s 6d 1 dz at 2s 8d	00	06	05
2 doz of Awle blades	00	02	00
15 yds of Blew Trading Cloth at 7s 6d	05	12	06
	[torn]9	09	01
30th Novembr 1652 Reed in wampam	09	04	00
Recd by 30 bush of Pease by Mr Goodwin196	0	10	00
	[torn]
Recd by 10 bush of wheate & 10 of Pease Sent to Bro Davis197	03	10	00
	17	04	00
Rests due to me this 30th Novembr 1652
Just	132	05	01
more 22 yds & ½ of Tammy Cloth at 7s 6d	00	[torn]	09
6 yds of bl Searge at 8s 6 yds at 6	04	04	06
3 pces of wosted girdling at 21d 3 pces
at 16d 9s 3d 12 Combes 8s	00	17	03
6 pces col tape 7s 3 pces of wt 3s
3 pces 3s 6d 4 pces 5s	00	18	06
8 yds of Red shag Cotton at 3s 10d	01	10	08
1 M of Pins 16d 12 yds of Red Cotton at 3s 2d	01	10	04
	[torn]	[torn]	07

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 173

MATHIAS SENSION CR
March 17th 1652/53
By Black & wt wampam				24	00	00
March 30th 1653
By Black & white wampam				22	15	00
Aprill 3d 1653
By G Branch in wheate				00	14	00
April 16th
By Black & wt wampam				[torn]	00	00
By 4 Barrels of Porke all at 18 li				18	10	00
Aprill 29th
By White wampam	17 li	5s		28	00	00
By Black wampam	10		15
by white wampam more				06	05	00
June 4th
By John Stebbins for deamons collars198				00	11	00
June 24th
By 10 bush of wheate dlrd into
Ralph Parker				02	00	00
By 40 bush of wheate & 40 bush of Pease
dlrd into John Youngs vessell				14	00	00
By a 22s pee of Gold199				01	02	00
By Black wampam				03	10	00
16th Septembr 1653
By wt wampam & black				15	00	00
By a psell which you told200 (but I keepe it to tell & call out the bal) which as
you say is 9 li I told & tooke of it				04	14	06
				158	19	06

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 220

[THOMAS COOPER DR]*
November 25th 1653
For severall pticulars in p. 30 To the Sum off	263		04		04
1 yd red callaco from Sist Smith201	000		01		09
1 yd wt cotton 3s 4d 3 yds ½ gallome 14d 2 yds ¾ rib 16d ½	000		05		11
½ li Pepper	000		01		02
1 qt bottle 3s 4d 1 qt of Brandy 3s	000		06		04
27 yds of lockram at 17d	001		18		06
16 yds ½ ql202 of lockr at 22d per yd	001		10		00
4 yds of linnen cloth at 2s 5d per yd	000		10		00
mending a pr of tongs	000		00		03
[14 yds]* of lace at 24d 4s 1 oz wormsed203 16d 1 oz Nuts	000		06		02
1 quarts of Brandy wine	000		03		00
6 Caps 12s 1 Coate 15s	001		07		00
½ pint Brandy 1 li starch
1 qt Brandy	000		04		06
a Barrell of red lead 93 li	004		13		00
12 awles	000		01		00

To what I pd G Wilton204 for you	000		07		00
To what pd for you to G Lewis205	000		15		00
2 yds & ¼ of stuffe at 5s	000		11		03
a ql206 pint bottle	000		01		04
4 yds wt fustion	000		07		00
½ pint Brandy	000		00		09
2 Coates 30s 6 Caps 12s 6 wastcoates
at 7s pce 42s	004		04		00
1 li Pepper	000		02		04
¼ pint bottle	000		01		04
5 li of flanders grass seed207 at 5s
per li	001		05		00
4 yds galloome 4 sc silke	000		01		09
¾ yd of stuff	000		02		09
½ yd of fustion	000		00		11
1 li of Copper is208	000		00		04
Blew starch 13 li at 2s 2d per li	001		08		02
binding to lidia hudt209 9d Buttons
& Silke 2s 2d	000		03		11
pd to G Drake for you	000		05		00
To lidia Hudt riban & wt fustion	000		00		00
[Recd by Joseph Parsons 8s 6d]*
5 yds blew Cotton at 3s 6	000		17		06
4 li of Sope at 14d	000		04		04
1 pce tape	000		01		01
May 1654
1 pce of blew Trading cloth 47 yds & ½ 1 pce 46½ & 1 pce 48 yds all is 142 yds at 8s per yd	26		16		00
Red sh Cotton 52 yds ½ 20 of blew & 20 wt all is 92 yds ½ at 3s 8d per yd	016		19		02
5 sc silke 12 yds tape	000		01		02
10 yds ½ silke rib	000		01		01½
2 yds wt fustion	000		03		06
1. yd ½ silke rib 1s 16 2 sc 2d
2. Thimbls 5d	000		01		05
1 bed cord to sist Smith	000		01		06
	359		17		09
August 15th 1654
So is due to Ballance as per Contra	028		03		09
THO COOPER DR
August 15th 1654
To 1 pce blew Trading cloth 44 yds ½ 7s 6d		016		13		09
1 pce of blew 48 yds at 7s 6d		018		00		00
1 pce 44 yds ½		016		13		09
pce of red 46 yds ½ at 7s 6d		017		08		09
1 pce red 45½		017		01		03
1 pce of wt 46 yds ½ at 7s 6d		017		08		09
1 pce of wt 45 yds		016		17		06
106 yds of red shag Cotton at 3s 5d per yd		018		02		02
58 yds ½ at 3s 7d per yd		010		09		07½
58 yds ½ at 3s 5d		009		19		10
61 yds of blew shag Cotton at 3s 6d		010		13		06
53 yds ½ of wt shag at 3s 6d		009		07		03
1 pce lockram 55 yds ¾ at 19d		004		08		03
14 doz of knives at 5s per doz		003		10		00
9 doz of knives at 6s		002		14		00
¾ of a yd of Canvas in a bag		000		01		06
1 Chest of Pipes		006		00		00
12 doz of Jews harpes210 at 3s 2d		001		18		00
a psell of bright brass Kettles		001		18		06
10 brass Kettles [at]* 78 li ½ wt 2s 2d per li		008		10		0
						[torn]
1 doz of brass Tobacco boxes		000		10		00
1 doz boxes to open at both Ends		000		04		00
2 knives		000		02		00
6 doz of Tin glasses at 2s 6d per doz
3 doz at 3s 3 doz at 18d		001		08		06
1 doz brass boxes with glasses		000		16		06
	posted to p 168	210		17		09

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 221

[THOMAS COOPER CR]*
By a psell of hasoky211 meddow in Tho Coops212 wood lot, about [at the further end]* middle of his wood lot which is adjoyning to John Pynchons meddow lots lying on the North side of my land & running Northward from my land 14 rod broad, & in length from the brow of the hill on the west all the breadth of that wet meddow to the brow of the hill on the East side the which psell of land being about 2 acres or more of it, the sd Tho Coop hath sold to John Pynchon for 30s (which is here allowed him on acot) this 11th day of May 1654 as witness his hand	001	10	00
	Tho Cooper
Recd by wt I am to allow you out of the Country rate 1653 towards wt is due to you from the county	00	10	00
By 345 winter Bevers weighing 498 li at 9s per li	224	02	00
By 54 skins of Sumr213 Bever 65 li ½ at 9s 6d	031	02	00
By 180 sk of Mowhoak Bever 238 li at 10s per li	119	00	00
By 20 li of Course214 Bever at 3s per li	003	00	00
Bever Cods215	000	14	00
7 Musquashes	000	03	06
1 li ¾ of old Bever at 10s	000	17	06
1 li 6 oz of bad old Bever	000	05	00
11 otters	004	08	00
by dressing Bever & telling wampam	000	05	00

by stringing 193 li fada of wampa at 1 li o[illegible]	001	03	00
½ a firkin of sope	000	11	00
29 li of Beife	000	06	00
by Indian Mault	000	04	06
	388	01	06
Agust 15th 1654
Acoted with Tho Cooper & I owe him to Ballance this acot the Sum of	028	03	09
But I pd for him to G Chapin216	001	03	09
Agust 15th 1654
So rests due to Tho Cooper which I owe him	027	00	00
posted & Acoted in p 168
Tho Cooper is Debtr
	056	13	06
on the other side is	111	08	05
on the former side p 166 is	012	12	03
on the side before that p 165 is	210	17	09
	391	12	01

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 223

Agust 15th 1654
Recd by a rest due to G Coop on acot (p 166)	027	00	00
May 15th 1655
Recd 206 li of Bever at 9s per li is	092	14	00
Recd 20 li of Bever at 5s per li is	005	00	00
July 1655
Recd 399 li ½ Bever at 10s per li	199	15	00
Recd 6 li ¼ of Bever at 7s	002	03	09
2 li 2 oz of bad bever at 3s	000	06	04
Se p 250
Recd 11 otters	005	00	00
3 musquashes	000	01	00
18 pr of Bever cods 10 pr being at 5d 8 pr at 6d	000	08	02
Recd by long wampam	001	10	00
Recd by venison & help	000	10	07
	334	08	10
Se p 260
Acoted & rests due to mee	057	03	03
Posted to p 250

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 324

THOMAS COOPER CR
p 259 [sic]		Thomas Coop Cr
July 15 1657
By 75 li of Bever at 8s 6d per li		31			17		06
By 121 li of Bever at 10s per li		60			10		00
By 82 li of Bever at 9s per li		36			18		00
By 186 li ½ of Bever at 9s 6d per li		88			07		00
By 10 li bever at 5s per li		02			10		00
1 Skin of Bever 2 li 2 oz at 9s		00			19		00
By 9 otters 7 of them at 9s 2 at 7s pce		03			17		00
By 300 bush of wheate dlrd at Hartford to the dutchman217		60			00		00
Rec [torn] by G Wilton		06			00		00
Recd 3 Bush ¾ wt by G Bliss & 5 bush of wheate out of the meeting house218 sent down to Jonath Gilberts warehowse219 all is [illegible] ¾ at 3s 6d		15			10		07
Quit wt more is laid Recd by wt is held Townsman order		01			10		00
[illegible] to your meeting house
Rate 1657220
Recd 6 li Telling wampam & dressing
Bever		00			10		00
By a psell of shooes which I Recd back ag221		23			15		00
Acoted below December 9th 1657		332			04		01
THO COOPER DR
Octob 30th 1657
To 6 yds ½ of Crimson Col Tammy at 3s 8d			01	03		10
2 yds ½ blew lin at 2s 2 yds ¼ at 2s 5d			00	10		06
1 yd ½ holland at 5s 11			00	08		11
1 M ½ pins 2s 3d 2 Pap 8d 1 Pap 6d			00	03		05
1 bunch blew tape 10d 2 pr Spect222 16d
Case 4d			00	02		06
a hatt			00	11		00
3 yds of Scots Cloth at 2s 10d			00	08		06
1 yd ½ of flannell			00	04		06
¼ yd black Searge			00	02		03
½ yd ½ ql blew lin			00	01		03
¾ yd of Callico at 2s 2d			00	01		08
1 yd & nayle of gr Say			00	06		00
10 yds of lace at 6d			00	05		00
4 spoones 2s 8d 1 Comb 20d			00	04		04
4 yds of girdling 8d 11 bunch tape 19d			00	02		03
Manchest 3 yds 4d lace 12d			00	01		04
2 yds ½ of fer rib 15d 2 pr sissors
10d			00	03		01
2 knives [½ M Pins 9d]*			00	01		11
a Testamt			00	02		06
To a psell of shooes			01	18		00
To 1 doz of wooden Combs 5s 2 deare
skins 15s			01	00		00
To an acct of old when I went to
England223 the sum of			1000	00		00
	all is		1008	01		09
	Recd as aboue		332	04		01
Decembr 9th 1657
Acoted & Rests due to mee			675	17		08
posted to my new Booke

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 325

Recd by 226 li ½ of Bever at 10s per li 113	113	05	00
Recd by 255 li ¾ of Bever at 9s per li	115	01	09
by 7 li of Bever at 6s per li	002	02	00
by 2 li of Bever at 5s	000	10	00
by 6 otters & a peice	002	13	00
by 4 Musquashs	000	02	00
	233	13	09
Acoted August 5th 1656 & Rests due to mee	080	14	06

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 326

		431	04	09
To the shagg beys &c		000	12	06
8 yds ¾ of wt cloth out of the Trad house224 at 8s 4d		007	16	03
33 yds ½ of your broad Trading cloth at 5s per yd		008	07	06
6 sieths225 at 4s 6d		001	07	00
1 pr grey hoose 3 pr of Sissars James Northam		000	06	00
To a psell of wt wampam 125 li 17s the five pounds &c being allowances it is to be acoted at 120 li		120	00	00
To a psell of Scosues226& a [illegible] remnant of wampam		025	06	00
To a psell of black wampam & allowance		032	00	00
To wt wampam & allowance to it		010	12	00
To the other side is the Sum of		157	13	01
3 Spoones 2s 4 yds of locram at 3s 8d		000	17	00
		796	02	01
To the other side forward for wheate & Pease the rest for Bever		175	02	00
the whole sum is		971	04	01
To 95 pr of shooes at 5s per pr		023	15	00
If these shooes make not so much I promise to abate for it more for 1 pr of Scales & weights & wampam		005	01	00
all is		1000	00	00

The whole psell of goods which I haue Recd of Mr Pynchon, which I owe him for amounts to one thousand pounds sterling as witness my hand


Thomas Cooper	Posted back one
	leafe
See back one leaf viz to p 259

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 3

Aprill the 11th 1654 I left my son Joseph at Board with Goodm Beale of Cambridge227 whom I am to allow for his tabling 10 li per annum
Aprill 17th 1654
Pd Goodm Beale in monny228	02	10	00
Agust 31 54
Pd him in Monny	01	00	00
Octobr 54
Sent him from Mr Peck of N Haven
2 firkins of butter weighed neats
57 li a peice	02	17	00
the 2 firkins	00	03	04
pd in cloth by Bro Davis	02	10	00
pd by my Bro Davis in monny	01	00	00
In all for a yeares Tabling	10	00	00
31th Agust 1655
Pd Goodm Beale 6 yds of Fine Searge at 6s 8d per yd	02	00	00
pd in monny 20s	02	00	00
more in monny 20s	02	00	00
[In wampam]*	00	00	00
July 28th 1656
pd 1 Bundle of Beaver weighing 23 li at 8s gd per li is 10 li 1s 3d the weight of this Bro Holyoke & Tho Coop sets & I Packed it in my a hhd T M no 5 & sent it for England by Mr Jonas Clark229 the Bundle is mixed [torn] & writ upon Thomas Beales.

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 318

July 27 1652 Bever Packed
1 Bundle		29 Skins	40 lb
1 Bundle		21 Skins	33
1 Bundle		32 Skins	36
		29 Skins	41
		23 1 pce	31
		31 Skins	33
		37 loose Skins	45
		202 1 pce	259
		& 5 Otters 1 Musquash
hhd	Agust the 9th 1652 Packed 1 hhd
T M	1 Bundle	23 Skins	39 lb
N 5	1 Bundl	23 Skins	35
T M	1 Bund	23 Skins &
N 6		2 pcs	36½
		21 Skins	35
		22 Skins	36½
		23 Skins	37
		49 loose Skins	47
		184 & 2 pces	266
		& 214 pr of Bever Cods weighing 23 li
T M		187 Bever Skins weight is 257½ lb
No 7		& some Smale pces
		And 7 otter Skins
T M		175 Bever Skins weighing 260 lb
No 8		And 9 otters
T M		146 Bever Skins good and Rich in 6 Bundles
No 9		weigh 216 lb
		34 loose skins of course Bever weigh 42 li
		in all 258 & 1 otter
T M		1 hhd of Bever (formerly Packed) speciall
No 8		good Bever 187 Skins 282½ 1 otter skin
		The 4 uppermost hhds were sent to Mr Maynwaring by Cartwither230 in Octobr 1652 [torn] last hhd were sent by Mr Garret231 in Decembr 1652 [torn] of them consigned to Mr Maynwaring for my Father232

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · page 319

Bever Packed into hhds July the 19th 1652
	1 Bundle		23 Skins weighs	40 lb
	1 Bundle		26 Skins	37½
	1 Bundle		22 Skins	37
1 hhd	1 Bundle		28 Skins	40
T M	1 Bund		23 Skins	38
No A	1 Bund		25 Skins	38
			42 loose Skins	50½
			189	289
	& 1 Coate & 3 pces of Old
	Bever			007 3 oz
	more 32 Musquashes all is			288 3 oz
	2 Minks & 1 Nottamak233
	1 Bundle		21 Skins	34½
	1 Bundle		26 Skins	32
	1 Bund		29 Skins	37
T M			28 Skins	34½
No B			25 Sk	36½
			22 Skins	32
			39 loose Skins	56½
			190	263
10 otters & 2 Musquashes should haue gon in No A
		1 Bundle	21 Skins	31
		1 Bund	22 Skins	32
T M			28 Skins	40
No C			25 Skins	37½
			25 Sk	32
			24 Sk	34½
			44 loose Skins	52
			189	259
			20 Otters
		1 Bundle	24 Skins	39 ^lb
		11 of these Skins weighing
		18 li & ¼ are Black Skins
		1 Bundle	23 Skins	35
T M		1 Bund	24 Skins	36
No D This hhd is			24 Skins	34
Speciall good			24 Skins	36
Bever worth 11s			24 Sk	38
per li			35 loose Skins	49
			178	267
			10 Otters & [1 Musquash]*
			These 4 hhds abouesd I sent to Mr Maynwaring by Carwither in October 1652

VOLUME I, 1651–1655· PAGE 320

Bever Packed into hhds Aprill 27th 1653
1 hhd	1 Bundle			24 Skins weighs		41 lb
TMNo 1	1 Bundle			25 Skins		38½
Conteines	1 Bundl			26 Skins		42½
	1 Bund			26 Skins		39
	1 Bundle			24 Skins		36
	1 Bundle			29 Skins		39
	Loose Skins			36 & some peices		45
				190 & 15 Otters		281
T M		1 Bundle		22 Skins		40 lb
No 2		1 Bundl		24 Skins		34½
		1 Bund		26 Skins		40
				26 Skins		37
				23 Skins		38
				28 Skins		38
				23 loose Skins		34
				172		261½
				9 Skins of
				oldish Bever
						5 4 oz
						266½
		& 15 Otters & 16 Musquashes
Sent per Mr Crane234
T M No 3			1 Bundle		29 Skins	41
			1 Bundle		27 Skins	38
			1 Bundle		24 Skins	36
					27 Skins	36½
					27 Skins	34½
			per Mr Garrett		23 Skins	41
					29 loose Skins	53
					186 & 2 pces	280
					& 4 Musquashes
Summer Bever May 12th Packed a hhd 1653
			1 Bundle		25 Skins	40 lb
			1 Bundle		23 Skins	33
T M			1 Bundle		24 Skins	42
No 4			1 Bundle		24 Skins	34½
			1 Bundle		25 Skins	35½
			1 Bundle		23 Skins	39
			loose Skins		29	30
per Mr Garrett					173	254
			18 Otters & Musquashes
TM			July 20th 1653 a hhd of Rich Bever
No 5			176 Bever Skins weight			259½
			2 Skins of oldish Bever
			178 Skins in all			261¾
			& 10 Otters & 12 Musquash Skins
T M			200 Bever Skins weighing			276 li
No 6			& 8 Otters
T M			195 Bever Skins weigh			273½
No 7			& 3 Skins sent for a token
			to my Bro Geo Willys235			4 li ¾
T M			186 Bever Skins weigh			273
No 8			6 Otters 100 pr of Bever Cods
			weighing 12 li
T M			a Moose Skin with haire on weighs			24 li
No 1
T M No 2			a Moose Skin with haire on weighing			24 li
T M No 3			a Moose Skin without the haire weight 08 li			08 li
T M bundle			122 Skins of Course Bever weigh			88 li
Sent per Mr Cutting
			The 6 hhds abouesd & 3 Moose Skins sent per Mr Garret Octobr 1653 were taken by the dutch & all lost The bundle of Course Bever was sent in cutting & my Bro Davis Father236 Recd it a gaue my Father acot of it it yeilded 27 li 18s 6d

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · page 321

Bever Packed into hhds Ano 1654
June 5th 1654
1 hhd
T M No 1
conteines		1 bundle	28 Skins	40 lb
		1 bundle	28 Skins	38
			27 Sk	37
			27 Skins	39½
			27 Sk	37
			28 Sk	41½
			39 loose Skins	30½
			204	263½
			& 12 otters
T M		1 bundle	26 Skins	35 lb
No 2			27 Sk	37½
			28 Skins	41
			26 Sk	37½
			28 Sk	41
			27 Sk	38
			48 loose Skins	40½
			210	270½
			& 12 otters
T M		1 bundle[28]*	28 Skins	46 lb
No 3		1 bundle	27 Skins	37
		1 bundle	27 Skins	37
			27 Skins	42
			27 Skins	41
			28 Skins	37
			58 loose Skins	50
			222	290
			& 10 otters
T M		193 Bever Skins weighing		285½
No 4	& 10 otters
	These 4 hhds were sent per Mr Garret
	September 1654
T M	178 Bever skins			277 lb
No 5	10 otters
	Summer Bever packed June 12th 1654
T M	177 Bever			279
No 6	Sent per Mr Cutting Sept 1654
T M	195 Bevers			302
N 7	10 otters
T M	177 Bevers & some pces			267 li
No 8	10 sk of old bever &c
	2 pr of mittings 007½			274½
	3 otter skins
	halfe this hhd is rich mowhoak Bever
	Sent per the State ship237
T M	Mohoak Bever with Severall rich black Skins
No A	June 23 1654
	205 Bever Skins			265
	Sent per Mr Garret Sept 1654
T M	187 Bever Skins			262 per Mr
				Garret
No B	& 7 otters
	11 Musquashes & 103 pr of
	Bever Cod 12 li ½
	Sent per Mr Cutting Sept 1654
T M	198 Bever			275½
No C	Sent per Mr Cutting
T M	189 Bevers			265
No D
T M	173 Bevers			262
No E	Sent per the States Ships
	1 Bundle of Bever in Canvas
J Pynchon	52 Skins Summer Bever weight			077
No E
J Pynchon	50 Skins weight			074
No F
	A Bundle in Canvas Mowhoake
	Bever
	Sent per Mr Garret Sept 1654

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 322

	Bever Packed Ano 1655
	Agust 2d 1655
hhd	Conteines 209 Bever Skins	301 lb
T M No 1	& 6 otter Skins
T M No 2	195 Bever Skins	289
	9 Skins & pces of old Bever	004½
	& 12 Musquash Skins
T M No 3	193 Skins	300
	& 6 otters
T M No 4	187 Skins	283½
	& 8 otters
T M No 5	Conteines 130 Skins of good
	Bever in 5 Bundles weighing	194½
	& 29 Skins in one bundle & 60	267½
	loose Skins of Course Bever	073
	all is 219 Skins & 8 otters
	2 Musquashes & 11 li of Bever
	Cods
	A Pack in Canvas of Brother
	Smiths marked T M No 6
	In it is a smale bundle of Course
	Bever of mine conteining
	44 Skins	29 lb
	55 Moose Skins [torn]

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 322

1657

July 24th 1657 Packed a hhd of Bever to send to Mr Grigson & Mr Ashurst238 marked N G No 1 Conteines in all 202 Bever Skins weighing 296 lb This hhd was of Joseph Parsons239 Bever. Sr, this Bever is generally good, the whole hhd stands me in neere 150 li sterling [I gaue for]* some of the Bever Cost 10s per li, & none of it cost under 9s per li the markets being somthing low with you, may posibly make you to thinke I haue given deare for it, but truly I could not haue had it here, had I not given so for it, & I [hope]* you was not willing to goe without it bee I would be punctuall in returns according to my promise: I hope you will in the sale of it, advance it to the highest price you can posibly get. I should be it should be sold under 9s per li one with another but I hope you [torn] 10s for some it when you haue sold it pay 60 li to my Father [torn] & allow toward [illegible] though I am not ingaged to pay aboue 50 li to you this yeare yet I am willing &c though I haue not made [illegible]

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 PAGE 323

	Bever Packed Ano 1656
	May 29th 1656
1 hhd T M No 1	Conteines 203 Bever Skins, weight & 4 otters this hhd only is all winter Bever all the next are ptly Summer Bever		288 lb
T M No 2	Conteines 174 Bever Skins 287 li ½ 8 skins of old Bever 10 li 12 otters & a peice & 66 pr of bever Cods 8 li ½	297½
T. M. No 3	Conteines Bevers 186 Skins	295
	12 otters 26 Musquashes
T M No 4	Bever 212 Skins & 10 otters	309
	July 28th 1656 Packed Bever
T M No 5	Conteines 188 Bever Skins there is also in this hhd in one of the bundles a little bundle bound up in a cord, which when you haue opened the bigger bundle you will find this lesser tyed up by it self & writ upon 29 Skins weighing 23 li for Goodm Beale of Cambridge it marked TB The hhds conteines 188 Bevers 274 li besides Tho Beales Bever	274
T M No 6	Conteineth 197 Bevers this is a hhd of rich Bever & 5 otters	300
T M No 7	Conteines 200 Bevers	306
T M No 8	In a Bundle in Canvas 20 Skins (& 2 Bundles for Mr Henry Smith)	37½
	3 Moose skins T M No 1 2 3
	Anno 1657
	Bever Packed Ano 1657 July 24th 1657
1 hhd T M	Conteines 177 Bever Skins,
No 1	weighing of this 141 li is Mr Maynwaring & mine is 141 This hhd was of Tho Coopers Bever & some of Joseph Parsons	28½
T M No 2	Conteines 180 Bevers	315
	This hhd was of Tho Coops Bever
T M No 3	Conteine 179 Bevers	321½
	2 Bundles of this Bever are better then the rest which are marked BB & so are most of the loose Skins & som of the Bever in the former hhd
	This was of Joseph Parson Bever
No 7	one Bundle from G Wiltons
	57 Skins of Bever	100
	7 otters
T M No 4	conteins one bundle of Mr olcots240 to be dird to Capt Hunt at 35 li take 11s for the freight of it one bundle of 23 sk 37 li G Ashlys241 one bundle of G Beale 13 sk 22 li ¼ at 9s per li Joseph Parsons saw it
Choise Bever	& of mine 2 bundles 47 Skins & 9 Skins tyed to G Beals Bundle in all

	56 sk	101 li
	more 36 Sk of Course Bever yet not	026
	very Course
	& 1 Bever Coate Cost 16s per li	5
	& 41 otters & 22 Musquashs

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 330

RICHARD FELLOWS DR242

Agust 24th [1657] Agreed with Joseph Parsons for the trade of Nalwotog and from thence up the River for which he is to allow for this years Ensueing the Sum of Twelve pounds to be pd in Bever: ye winter Bever at 8s per li the Springe at 9s per li & I am to furnish him with Trading cloth at 7s 6d per yd & with shagg Cottons at 3s 7d per yd & to take of his Bever at 8s per li the Winter Bever & the Spring Bever at 9s per li Excepting the Stage Bever243 & smale Skins which I am to take at Such price as we can agree at & in case of not agreeing that is to say [illegible] at I cannot yeild to give his price for the staye & smale skins then he is a Liberty to pay me so much where as the staye Bever come to in lew thereoff he being other wise ingaged to pay into me all his Bever & likewise otters & musquashes.

VOLUME I, 1651–1655 · PAGE 331

NALWOTOG TOWNE IS DR

Septbr 1s 1657 Agreed with John Web on behalfe of Joseph Parsons: that he the said John Web shall give foure pounds for this yeare ensueing for his liberty to trade furs at Natawotogg he being furnished from Joseph Parsons with 200 yds of trading Cloth or 250 yds at 7s 9d per yd & 60 or 80 yds of Cotton at 3s gd per yd with apportionable quantity of wampam & other smale things for trade the cloth is to be marked out by mee for John Web & of that cloth Joseph is to let Web haue his quantity: And John Web Ingages to pay all the Bever otters &c furs which he trade to mee or to Joseph Parsons, the winter Bever at 7s 9d per li & Spring Bever at 8s 9d Staye Bever & Walsis244 Excepted which is to be pd at such prizes as Mr Pynchon shall accept them:

void

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 29

MR PECK OF NEW HAVEN DR
To one pce of pfe Devobsh kersy	06	16	00
9 doz of Coate but at 11d 1 grss of
brest245 4s 8	00	12	11
1 doz of sissars at 5s 8d 1 doz 3s 8d	00	09	04
1 doz of knives	00	07	06
Recd by a firkin of Butter 1 li 12s	10	15	03
by bl wampam	03	03	00
Novembr 3d 1657
The rest due to mee is	07	12	03
Recd by abatemt on the peice of kersy	00	10	00
Recd by one firkin of Butter Sent to
G Beale in June 1658 61 li	01	10	06
Recd 2 firkins in Aprill 59 way net
60 li a pce	03	00	00
the 3 cask (of firkins)	00	05	00
2 li 6s 9d due to me this 12 Octobr 59
which I wrote to Mr Peck to Pay me in
2 firkins of Butter at G Beals next Spring
& wt they came to more I would pay him
Recd by pt of a barl of Beife Dlrd	02	10	00
Mr Tyng246 1662 which though it be 3s 3d over
the debts pt it not being pd me till 4 or
5 yeare after it was due I think it meete
it goe for the debt &c But afterwards
having a letter from him he writ that
he sent it for Mr Goodyears247 debt
Octobr 1662 Quit all

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 PAGE 48

THOMAS COOPER DR
To acot made up the 9th December 1657 as in pa 260 of my old booke, appeareth the Sum off		675	17	02
Jan 7th 57/[58]
To 1 li Pepper 2s 4d 10 yds of lace 4s 2d gren Penisto 2s 6d		000	08	11
To cotton riban 2s id wted browne thrid 12d 3 sc silke 5d nayles 6d		000	04	00
To 1 yd ½ dowlass 5s 9d 4 doz thrid buttons 8d		000	06	05
1 C of nayles		000	01	00
Callico & blew linnen		000	03	08
a Quire of paper		000	00	07
2 li Powder		000	04	08
1 li Pepper		000	02	04
12 yds of red & black taffity riben at 3s ½		000	03	06
1 yd of locram		000	02	02
8 yds of loop lace		000	02	00
1 yd Locram		000	02	02
nayles 6d for a ql248 of the ox which Bro Holyoke & you devided & your share to pay is 18s 6d		000	19	00
remaining on a hatt		000	05	00
[To Error on acct per Contra of Corne out of Jonath Gilberts warhouse]*		000	00	00
5 S 10d
6 yds of wt cotton at 3s 8d		001	02	00
Nov 22th 1658
Tape, Incle, Callico, Comb		000	06	02
resting on Severall things your wife had		000	15	03
		681	06	06
Reed per Contra 382 li o 5d
Decembr 6th 1658
Rests due to Balance		299	06	01
To ½ a yard of Peniston		000	02	05
½ li of peeper		000	01	03
1 Q of pap		000	00	07
1 C of nayls		000	01	02
Jan 13 58/[59]
Slesy cloth249 & some things your wife had		000	09	06
To Error in acot (per Contra aboue) of the Corne out of Jonath Gilberts Warehouse		003	15	00
[illegible]*		000	00	00
nayles		00	03
To 1 bush of Salt out of Jonath warhouse		000	05	00
2 yds Kersy & ½ 18s resting on buttons 10d		000	18	10
3. yds ½ Tammy red at 3s 6d		000	12	03
1 y ¼ slesy holland at 3s 8d ¼ li Pepper 8d		000	05	03
¼ of a yd of blew Tammy		000	00	11
¼ C of 6d nayles		000	00	06
1 pr of Cards 3s 6d 1 pce Binding 18d		000	05	00
2 yds of ribban at 16d per yd 1 pynt of oile 18d		000	04	02
1 Sieth 6s		000	06	06
		306	16	08
3 doz of Buttons at 10d
Feb 14 1658/[59]
I Thomas Cooper Doe hereby acknowledge my selfe to haue Reed of Mr John Pynchon a psell of English goods as they cost in England to the Sum of Seventeene pounds, which Sum of Seventeen pounds sterling I doe		17	00	00
ingage to pay in England by michalstide250 next to whom Mr John Pynchon shall appoint me or in case of failing paymt at tyme in London in Engld I ingage to make such allowance as is fit & meete & hereto I set my hand this 14th Febr 1658
Thomas Cooper Acots concerning this 17 li were Examened & set to rights by Bro Holyoke & Deacon Chapin & all differences & offences about is issued & satisfied
Jan 17th 60/[61]
This debt to be pd in Engld acoted for & Ballances & so it is crossed & Quit. Quit I abate 20s off it & the rest was pd me this 17th Jan 1660
3 yds of wt shag beys at 7s 8d 3 yds ½ cot rib		00	11	10
1 yd of black stuff		00	05	00
1 li of Raysons		00	01	00
1 & ¼ of flannell 3s 2d 1 Knife 8d		00	03	10
3 li sugar 2s 1 li Raysons is		00	03	10
1 y gr Say 4s 8d 1 yd nayl gr Say251		00	03	00
6s 7d 4 yds cot rib 10d		00	12	01
2 yds of bl linnen		00	05	00
a Law Booke		00	03	06
		02	05	03
& aboue is		306	16	08
		309	01	11
Recd per Contra 7 li 5s 10d
Jan 1st 1660/[61]
Acoted & rests due to mee To Ballance		301	16	01
Aprill 13th 1661	Quit per Contra
Jan 5th 1660
G Coop Dr
To the pticulars following
for wheate
To 2 li of Sugar 1s 4d		00	04	03
Jan 22 60/[61]
1 oz of wted browne thrid 8d 1 oz of
browne thrid 3d
Feb 15 60/[61]
3 li of Sugar 2s
March 13 60/[61]
2 pr wt cotton stock 4s 4d 1 yd ½
bl linnen 3s 3d		00	07	07
March 20th 1660/[61]
To 2 yds & ½ ql of bl linnen		00	04	08
March 24
1 oz of black thrid 3d 1 li of Raysons		00	01	03
		00	17	09

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 49

THOMAS COOPER CR
By John Deming of Wethersfeild for
Traise Collers252 Cart Saddle &c				02				15				00
per his order
March 10th 1657/58
Aprill 1 1658
By Fraunces Pepper253				03				00				00
By corne which you say I had out of
Jonath Gilberts warehowse last yeare
which was neglected to be acoted pvided
Jonath & my Cousin Allyn254 allow so much
to your acot viz	67 bush ½ wheate				This wanted of what it is acot ed the sum of 3 li 15s which was after allowed mee
to your acot viz	18½ Pease
By 6 bush ½ of wheate (which I sowed)		01					02				09
May 16th 1658
By 60 bush & 43 bush wt dlrd aboard
Keny255
June
By 50 & 30 bush of wheate to Mr Goodwin		16				00				00
July 5th 58
By Fraunces Pepper		01				17				00
By 36 li of Bever at 8s per li		14				08				00
By 8 li want 1 oz of Bever at 9s per li		03				11				03
July 6th 58
4s for 1 pce of beife at Boston is
allowed you per contra in a hat
By Trading cloth Cottons shirts &
wampam (back ag)256 all is		300				01				07
By a Moose skin 20 li at 11d per li		000				18				04
By Wintshamins257 paying me		000				09				00
By Jeremy Adams paying me for you		000				15				00
By a deere skin		000				05				00
December 6th 1658
discounted all aboue		382				00				05
[By one Barrell of Porke]*
THOMAS COOP CR
Jan 1660/[61]
By 1 Barrell of Porke			03			08				00
By Bro Willys			00			16				04
By wampam at the Dutch258			01			14				00
By 2 d helping to Pack Bever one of them
in (59) & the other in (60)			00			04				00
By 6 li of hops259			00			05				00
By 2 qts of Hony			00			06				00
By 4 days worke about my howse frame260			00			08				00
By Timothy driving my swine to fresh
water Brooke			00			03				00
			07			04				04
By Poundedge261 of 3 horses			00			01				06
			07			05				10
Jan 1st 1660/[61]
Acoted all which is above it is all discounted per Contra
By a psell of wampam which I take at 6 a Penny			239				14		00
By 80 yds of Trading cloth at 7s 8d & a remnent			30				00		00
By 22 yds of red shag cotton			03				17		00
By sheepe a horse Piggs & a calfe prised at			28				05		00
			301				16		00
Quit all Aprill 13th 1664
CR
By a triall (he denyeing to pay) I
had Judgmt granted & execution & so
I recd it from the Constable			00				17		09
June 3d 1661

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 300

ZACHARIAH FEILD262 NORTHAMTON DR
May 30 1662
To the Trade hithertoe 60 skins at 3d	00	15	00
[May 30 1662]
To the Trading of 64 skins at 3d per skin	00	16	00
May 20th 1663
To the Trade of 29 sk Bever 9 Mose & you put of as you sd 17 skins	00	13	00
To the Trade of 80 skins	01	00	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 340

JOSEPH PARSON DR
July 9th (62)
To allowance for the Bever Trade	04	00	00
To July or Agust 1662
April 6 1663
[To the Trading of 62 sk of Bever & 9 Mose]*
To allowance for the Bever Trade this last yeare past viz from July 1662 to July 1663	02	05	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 367

		Bever Packed for England & Sent to Mr Henry Ashhurst & Mr Nicholas Grigson
July 24th 1657		I Packed a hhd of Bever qts263 as in my old booke this Bever was most of it pd according to my order in to my Father as per acot returned 1658
1658 July 28th		Packed 1 hhd of Bever marked N G
1658		No I conteining 205 Bever skins weigh	324½
		& 5 otters
in Canvas N G No 1		Octobr 8 58 Packed 1 Bundle in Canvas N G no 1 conteining 37 bever skins weighing	062½
		1659
Hhd N G		Agust 15th 1659 Packed 1 hhd of
No 1		Bever Marked N G no I qts as Followeth viz 180 Skins	320 lb
hhd	qts 184 Bever Skins weighing				312
N G	& 3 otter skins
No 2	These 2 hhds are good Bever
	Especially the latter, only 2
	Bundles are not so good asthe
	rest marked X
	1660
a Bundle	August 1660 Packed at Boston
in Canvas	(which I had from James Rogers)264
N G No 1	Bundled up in Canvas
marked N G	46 Skins of Bever wt 70 li
No 1	& 34 Bevers wt
	In all 80 Bevers weigh				107 li
	sent per Capt Woodgreen in
	Sept 1660
	1661
	August 19 1661 Packed 1 Bundle of
	Bever in Canvas Marked N G No I
	qts 2 Packs or Bundles one
	Weighed				34 li
	which was the 28 Skins I had of
	the dutchman265 at 10s per bundle
	the other 40 skins weigh				56
N G				In all	90 li
No 1	the 40 skins I had of Joseph
	Parsons ptly summer & ptly winter
	Bever I took it at 9s per li

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 368

		Bever Packed for England to be Sent
		to Mr Thomas Maynwaring
		The hhds below of No 1 No 2 &c I had
		& Recd the acots of from Mr Maynwaring
		in May 1659; so that I haue already
		Looked over, & am sattisfied concerning
		the sale of them namely of what is below
		mentioned [on this side of the leefe]* the
		Generall acot which I Recd from Mr Maynwaring
		Ano 1659 which Bears date May 1659 includes
		(as former things) so also all on this
		side of the leafe below
May 26th 1658		Packed a hhd of Bever qt as followeth
this hhd is		1 Bundle of	26 skins weighs	44 lb
marked T M		1 bundle	28 Bevers	41
No 1		1 bundle	24 Bevers	42				279 lb
		a bundle	25 Bevers	45
		a bundle	28 Bevers	42
		a bundle of	26 Bevers	45
			27 Bevers loose	20
			Skins
		in all	184 Skins &	18 otter Skins
				12 fox skins
				4 Nottamags & 43
				musquash Skins
T M		159 Bevers 213 lb out of which there
No 2 Conteines		is to be taken 38 li of Bever which
		is Mr Maynwarings being the remainder
		of his adventures so that 175 li of
		this Bever is mine & to be acoted
		mine I say						175
		[½\|¼\|¾\|⅛\|⅓] also in No 2 is 30 skins of Bever
		40 li ½ for Mr Honnyloue & 36 skins
		39 li 2 oz for Mr Rich Trist266 likewise
		one skin of Bever for Mr Bekingham267
[torn] M No 1		Two Moose Skins weighing 41 li Likewise
2		I haue 4 otters in the hhd no 2.
		Goods of Mr Maynwarings & ptners which
		he adventured by me into New Engld
		Ano 1657 I sold them as I gaue him
		an acot for						86	13	07
Agust 1st 1657
	Returned him in a hhd T M no 1 per
	Capt Butler
	119 li ½ of Bever at 9s per li				53	16	6
	21 li ½ Bever at 10s per li				10	15	0
	pd for freight & chargs of the
	hhd to Boston & shiping 11s 6d
	your halfe is				00	05	9	64	16	03
	Pd for freight of one Bale of
	goods that which came per Mr Clarke							01	02	06
	Literidg & wharfidge & warehowse
	roome of both the Bales at Boston							00	05	00
	freight of them up to Connecticot							01	11	00
	Returned in a hhd T M no 2 per
	Mr Lock 1658
	38 li of Bever at 10s per li							19	00	00
								86	14	09
	which is the full of his adventure &
	14d ovcr

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 369

	1659
Agust 10th 1659	Packed I hhd of Bever marked T M		no 1
	Conteineth as followeth
T M	205 Bever skins I thinke the Number
No j	is so weight is		273 lb
	about 30 li of this is Bad Bever
	14 otter skins
	32 Musquashes & Minks
	45 fox skins & racoone skins &
	a psell of Bever Cods weighing		11 li
	This hhd Father had the mony &
	it is chargd to the acot betwixt
	him & mee
	1660
	June 27th 1660 Packed I hhd
	T M no 1 Conteines as followeth
T M	54 Skins of Bever weight 86 li
No 1	12 Bevers towards the top choise		112 li
	good weight 20 li
	7 or 8 bad Bevers wt 06
	14 otters
	124 fox & Racoone Skins
	8 woodshaws
	37 musquashes & minks
	All sent per Capt Woodgreene in Sept 1660
	18 Moose Skins
T M No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8, 9. 10, 11, 12
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
		more 1 Moose Skin I sent afterward
		Sept 28 1660
T M		qts 46 Bever Skins & 2 pces
No 4 a Bundle		weight	72 li
in Canvas		15 Musquashes
		4 otters
		2 Nottamaques
		7 foxes & Racone skins
		This Bever was pt of it for my cousin
		Trists Broadcloth: So that he must
		haue out of it as much Bever at 9s
		per li as pays him 11 li 10s
		This Bundle was [to]* sent to Engld
		per the ketch [torn] Foster Mr268 in
T M		Decembr 1660 per Gillam sent to
A Truss269		Mr Maynwaring Decmbr 1660 (from
		James Rogers) of Bever weighing	52 li
		of this 46 li was good Bever & the
		other 6 li not so good
		52

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 370

		1661
		Bever Packed for Engld & sent to
		Mr [May]* Bridge & Mr Bekingham
1 hhd T B M		qt a followeth
No 1
July 12th 1661		177 Bever skins weigh				281 lb
TM No 1		32 otters & 2 peices divers of				281 lb
winter Bever		these are very rich otters & large
		11 Racoone skins 27 Musquashes
		8 li of Bever Cods viz 2 li ½ of
[B]*		my owne & 5 li ½ I had of Jos Parsons
T M		qts 227 Bevers weigh				308½
No 2		the bulke of this hhd viz the
		6 Packs are Summer Bever & the
		best of the winter Bever but the
		loose skins are of winter Bever
		(weigh 23 li) & those 32 loose
		skins which ly uppermost (being
		pted from the other with 4 skins
		of old Bever) am270 of the course
		sort of Bever they weigh 29 li
		the old Bever alone weighed 6 li
August 19th 1661		one hhd of Summer Bever & on the
		top is Mowhoak Bever (which I had
		of the dutchman)
B D		qts 197 Skins & 2 peices of Bever
No 3		weighing 290
		2 Case Bevers not weighed bec of
		the heads & tayles but they were
		large & at least 4 li also 2
		otter Skins
T M No 1, 2, 3		3 large Moose Skins weigh at least
		20 li a Peice some of the Moose
		Skins haue the B Set underneath
		1662		1662
	June 10th 1662 weighed up 20 Moose Skins marked
B - D No from		these 20 Moose weigh				262 li
1 to 20
B - D No from		these 20 Moose weigh				344
21 & so on to 40
B - D No from		these 20 Moose weigh				309
41 to 60
B - D No from		These 24 Moose weigh				329
60 & so on to 84
		July 5 1662	Packed 1 hhd of Bever
B - D No 1		qts 167	Bevers weigh		260	282
a hhd		& 27	Sk of old Bever		22
		188
		Also 4 fox Skins whereoff 3 of
		them are grey 1 wild cat271 Skin
		12 Musquash Skins 2 Canada Sables
		13 woodshaws & 20 otters
[torn] hhd		qts 194 Bevers generally large
B - D No 2		Skins & the Pelts Scraped thin &
		all Spring Bever				300
1 hhd B - D		qts 191 Bevers Scraped thin &
No 3		all spring Bever				277
No 4 qts		177 Bevers Scraped (7 whereof
perl Stones		are black Skins 4 li)				250
		3 Case Bevers not weighed
		26 otters & 2 Musquashes
B - D		qts 102 Skins in 4 Bundls
No 5 a Pack in		weigh				[torn]63
Canvas		& 1 Bundle of 18 Skins of Course
		Bever

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 371

	1663	1663
	May 20th 1663 weighed up 25 Moose
	being all but 5 of the Black sort
	of Moose
B - D No from	These 25 Moose weigh			480 li
1 to 25
May 22th 63	Packed Bever
1 hhd	qts 175 Bevers weighing			242 lb
B - D No 1	also 8 otters (3 not being good
	8 fox skins whereoff 2 grey
	5 woodshaws 6 Minks
	106 Musquash Skins
July 22th 1663	qts 202 Bevers weighing			262
1 hhd	26 Musquashes 2 smale foxe skins
B - D No 2	& 2 smale Minks 4 Racoones
	1 woodshaw about 1 li or 1 li ½
	of Bever Cods
	The loose Bever on the Top is
	not so good as the rest the
	rest being thin scraped skins
B - D	qts 190 Bevers		263
No 3	old Bever 22 sk 2 pces		030½	293½
	viz the Thick heavy Sk which
	Butler dressed the 8 Papoose272 Sk
	1 had of Chockapeasnet273 & 8 Sk
	2 pces worne ptly dressed, the
	worst old Bever I had
No 4 P j a hhd for Mr Wickins274
	qts in 6 Bundles 163 Bevers
	wt 22 li of choise Bever also
	12 loose sk of choise Bever		12
	1 Case Bever		02	304
	28 sk of Corse Bever		34
	5 Bever Cotes
	32 skins wt		34
	Likewise 20 otters & 1 gray fox
	skin
Octobr 13th 1663	a hhd for Cousin Trist
R T No j	qts 6 Bundles 157 Skins 224
	whereoff one Pack of 39 li are
	most black
	2 large Cotes275 1 little Cote &
	1 pr mittings of old Bever 020½
	9 Skins of Course Bever 010½			255
	also 50 otters some of them
	made in Cotes & 19 Musquashes
	6 woodshaws 1 fox Skin & 1
	large Racone Skin
	Smale 4 baskets for tokens
D D No 123	Three Moose skins weigh 67 li
	(one black weigh 32 li)
No 4 P J	Sept [torn]
a hhds	qts [torn]
4
P No 1 A B [torn]
in [torn]

VOLUME III, 1664–1667 · PAGE 320

	Agust 26 1665 Packed 1 hhd of Bever
	for Capt Wm Mead
[torn] ts	187 Bevers weigh		241 lb
	2 Bever Cotes of worne Bever		010
	& 31 otters 8 woodshaws
	5 for skins & 40 Musquashes
	And 1 skin of Bever Sent as a
	Token [torn] writ upon for Mris Mead276
Moose Skins	6 Moose skins weigh		80 li
	6 Moose weigh		72
	6 weigh		102
	2 Moose		049
In all	20		303 li
	1 Bundle of Rich Bever in Canvas
	for Mr John Reeve Conteines
	49 Bever skins weigh 61 li also
	2 otters & 3 Racoone skins And
	1 black Skin of Bever sent as a
	token to Mris Reeve writ on for her
hhd July 1666	qts 177 Bevers		271
4	foxskins
P No 3	wild cat skin
	12 woodshaws
	50 Musquashes
	Canada Sables
	This sent Mr Bridges the 20 Moose aboue
	144 Moo
D B No from 1 to	144 weigh 2643 lb
	Those Lost [illegible shorthand] John Plumbs vessell
	was taken by the Dutchmen July 1666
4 hhd	186 Bevers		286 li
P No j	40 otters
	August 6 1667 Packed as folioweth
hhds	180 Bevers weigh 264
P No 2	4 Woodshaws whereoff one a very
	large one
	9 Canada Sables
	107 Musquashes & 10 fox skins
4	193 Bevers		269 li
P No 3	3 Coates worne, conteining 20 sk
	of old Bever		18½
	37 otters som of them are very
	good ones
4	208 Bevers	309 li
P No 4	& 2 Bever Cotes of 10 skins	015	324
4	60 Moose Skins weigh the 1st
P No 1 & so on
to 60	30 weigh		438
[torn]	[illegible] Moose Skins weigh		890 li

VOLUME III, 1664–1667 · PAGE 321

	June 9th 1668
	Packed a hhd of Bever This was
	mostly of Fort Albany277
4	qts 177 Bever skins	274 li
P No j	5 Skins of Coate Bever	10 [torn]
	also 13 otters
	4 fox skins 3 Minks
	1 Canada sable & 1 n[torn]
	Jun 19th 1668
A Bundle in Canvas
4	Packed a hhd of Bea[torn]
P No 2	qut278 197 Bever skins more 20 Musquas	[torn]
	51 Bevers	74 li
	22 is Coate Bevers	28
	73
This went not to	10 otters 6 doz & 9 Musquashes	[torn]
Engld till the	8 Racoones 2 fitchers279 1 M [torn]
next yeare & so	There was in this Pack a Bundle of [torn]
is to be Acoted	Jo Pynchons & other Furs of his [torn]
Anno 1669	what abovesd of [illegible]
May 13th 1669	Packed a hhd of Bev[torn]
4	qts 173 Bevers
P No J	14 otters 104 Musquashe [torn]
	20 Canada sable
	10 woodshaws 7 Fox skins 2 wild
	Catt skins
Octo 69	5 Bevers dlrd Jo Pynchon weigh 9 li ½
	at 10s
	14 Racones 7 wild Cats 7 Musquashes
	1 Canada Sable
Nov 26 1669	Sent by Corporall Coy280 to Boston to my
	Son John 10 skins of Bever weighing 17 li [torn]
1670	July 8th 1670
	Packed 1 hhd Bever
4	qts 205 Bever skins wt	30 [torn]
P No j	27 otter skins
	20 Woodshaws
	1 gray fox skin
	6 Racoone Skin
	10 Sables
	44 Musquash skins
	Sept 7th 1670 Packed 1 hhd
4	qts 206 Bevers wt	300 li
P	also 1 large heavy Case Bever I
	suppose weighs 3 or 4 li worth 30s
	And 3 otter skins

VOLUME III, 1664–1667 · PAGE 246

MR JOHN RUSSELL SEN281 DR

1668 Agreed with Benjamin Waite of Hadley for the Liberty of Trade of furs & Peltry with the Indians for a yeare from the 1st of March 1667/68 to March 1668/69 for which he is to allow and pay me the sum of Twelve Pounds in Mony: and doth hereby Ingage to shun all phibited goods, not to trade in the Liquors as witness his hand. I bated the one halfe The Trade falling into Rich Ways hands acct this but 6 li & so

Binimen Wayt

VOLUME V, PART 2, 1672–1693 · PAGE 431

TIM COOPER282 CR

By 10 li I was to allow you for your
Trading at Albany this 1st y 1675
which being the Bever acot & as Monny
I set off here on this acot 12 li for
sd 10 li	12	00	00
By howse Rent at Albany which I was to
find you 5 Bevers 3 li at	03	15	00
	18	15	00
Discounted per Contra Novembr 14th 1675

VOLUME V, PART 2, 1672–1693 · PAGE 476

[This agreement runs across pp. 476–477.]

[TIMOTHY COOPER]

Aprill 28 1675 An Agreemt with Timothy Cooper to carry on a [torn] togither at Albany for 7 years or more If we se cause: is That we goe Joint Partners in the Trade I to pvide & furnish the sd Tim with Goods 300 li or 400 li at present & afterwords 500 li or 600 li per annum more or less as falls He answering the Principale being yearly to make returnes to Boston in the adventure whereoff we run halves, being Joint in the pfit & loss of the whole trade & what Tim Cooper Buys of goods I am to haue share in & in Consideration of his Paines, tyme, Expences & care in Managing of the Trade there at Albany: Besides my taking Care of pviding & Suting him with Goods, I am also at my charge to pvide him a house of mine283 for him to dwell in & trade in he keeping it in repaire as also to allow & pay him 10 li the first yeare: the 2nd yeare 20 li & so 20 li a yeare to the end of the tyme: I Pd him the 1st y 10 li & 50s for house Rent as per acot in p 428 Accordingly Dlrd him for which he is Dr [upon a Joint acot]*

TIM COOPER DR
Apr 29th 1675
To 3 li ¾ of Copper lace at 26s 8d
per li is 20d per li										05					00						00
To 2 M of Steele Mackrill hooks at 21s										02					02						00
To 1 M of wt Mackrill hookes										00					12						00
To 3 doz of cod hookes at 2s 6d										00					07						06
To 12 doz of Tin shows284 at 2s										01					04						00
To 1 doz stockens										00					12						00
To 6 li of Thrid										01					00						00
To 1 li of Red thrid										00					04						06
To 1 doz of Rings										00					02						00
To ½ doz wostead Girdling at 18s is										00					09						00
To 7 doz of Rings & Jewels at 2s 3d										00					15						09
1 li 15s [illegible] is Acoted in
charges & to his own acot
To black wampam [penny]*										0					00						00
										[illegible]
All to pay in Bever at Boston as it will yeild in Mony
May 1675
To a psell of Goods Bought at Boston of Mr Usher & Mr Serjant285 with wine Rum &c all as per acot in my Pocket Booke is										305					06						01
To a psell of Candles per Mr Bryans Bill 9 li 5s which I acot Monney 7 li 5s										07					05						00
To a psell of Goods as per Invoyce from Boston Sent you 21th of 5th Mo 1675 which Invoyce you showed me in Oct 1675										108					04						11
										433					04					09
Oct 28 1675
To Blew duffeild	36½
		69½ yds at 5s
	33	6d in Money as above								019				02					03
To lead Rowls 1 doz ½ & 1										00				06					06
May 7th 1676
To a psell of Goods of Mr Serjant
as per Invoyce			314 li
Packed in Barlls
No 123456
No 1 ABC 17 pces Duffield
626 yds at 4s										125			04					00
TC No 8 from Mr Usher
May 18 1676
his sum			074			17			03
shipping charges			000			02			6
			514			03			9	514		03					09
These Consigned [shipt]* Mr Rich Charlton for Tim Cooper Sent per the Edm & Marchs John Hedges Mr May 19 1676 only the 17 duffeid Mr Floyd was to dlr per Mr [illegible] Ketch Jos Penucle Mr Invoyce sent to pay Custome by Mr Sergence286 was			172		17			5
Mr Ushers			49		17			6
			222	14			11
Nov 14 1675
To a psell of Pease he Recd of me at Springfeid at 24 a Penny for which he is to pay me Bever or Monny in the Spring										32	12					10
To goods he tooke to himselfe at Albany as per his owne acot given in this 14 Nov 75										15	10					00
To Ballance of acot Nov 14 75 as in p 428 & brought from thence hither the sum off										08	17					05
To a psell of Hats as per the pticulars on the other side the sum is										16	05					00

VOLUME V, PART 2, 1672–1693 · PAGE 477

		12	08	09
		09	05	00
		19	08	09
		41	02	06
	&	73	05	03
		114	07	09	forbearence 4 y at 7 li	114		7		9
					per C is	31		2		3
	&	108	04	11	Mr Usher	145		10		0
		222	12	08
		62	8
forbearnce		285	08
November 17 1675
Sent by: dlrd cr
sold to Timoth Cooper 5 womens hats demicaster fashonable287 hats at 26 s cost so in Boston						06	10		00
4 old fashon mens demicastor costs 21s pee in London						04	04		00
6 demicastors cost 16s pce in Boston						04	16		00
1 col fr Cr						00	15		00
						16	05		00

VOLUME V, PART 1, 1672–1693 · PAGE 268

MR JOHN WESTCAR288 OF HADLEY DR

Aug 18 1674
Recd of Mr Westcar (in refference to the 2 y Trad Ending 25th Octobr 1674 which I acot at 5 li 10s only the 10s to be abated in case he haue pd to Mr Way til Octobr 72) I say
Recd in pt	3 li	10s
Recd in full	2	00
	5	10s		0
Jan 8 74
I agreed with Mr Westcar He to haue the whole Trade with the Indians in all the Benifit & pfit off it from all psons in Hadly for which from Octobr last to 25th Oct next he is to pay		05	00		00
He pmised me that if He made more of it I should haue the one halfe of wt he made more than 5 li which he owne about45 to be my pt all is 7 li 5s 0		02	05		00

[The following accounts concern the Hawthorne Venture.]

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 95

RICH FELLOWS CR

1659
By himselfe & 3 horses to fort Aurania289	06	00	00
By 2 horses to help the Majors men from Chik290	00	05	00
	10	03	04
Acoted Jan 16th 1659
By ferridge291 of horses to the dutch
forth &[illegible]	00	08	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 113

ROBERT ASHLY CR

Sept 16 59
By a horse to fort Aurania	01	05	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 47

JOHN STEWART292 CR

1660
By shoeing the horses to fort Aurania	00	10	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 137

ANTHONY DORCHESTER293 CR

[Between 22 March 1660/61 and 29 December 1662]
By Carying over horses for the Ausatin294 voyage	00	04	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 54

JONATH GILBERT OF HARTFORD DR

Jan 9th 1661/[62]

But my Salt in his warhouse we haue not reckned for the warhouse Rome nor for warhouse Rome of the goods now in his warhouse upon acot of Major Hawthorne & Company

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 325

JONATH GILBERT CR

[Between 9 January 1661/62 and 29 May 1662]
Charges of Goods of Major Hawthorne & Company from Hockanum to the warhose	01	05	04
By warehouse Roome of the goods of Major Hawthorne of Old (Mr Palms)295	05	19	00

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 259

SAM PEARLAY CR

By Rich Fellows	03	15	00
By Reice Bedortha for shippey worke	00	00	00
Q, wheth I must not set it of on shippeys acot
By 4 weekes worke of Dan Shippey	02	00	00
By Sam Pearlys worke 10 days296	01	05	00
Acoted per Contra	07	00	00
Feb 22th 1661/[62]
Agreed with Sam Pearly for 4 Months or if I wil but 3 M [torn] at Ausatinnoag to begin sometime in Aprill he is to tend my worke & occasions of carpentry or otherwise & to find Tooles for 2 men beside himse & to spare his horse 2 voyadges thither & in case of hindrance & disapointment by weather or things not siting well & pfitabl for work: he pmises to cast in a weeks worke for all which tyme I am to find him dyet & give him 4 li per Mo begining one weeke in the whole as aforesd & it was agreed (at the conclusion when I yeilded to allow him 4 li per Mo) That if he came to Towne in the tyme he shall allow for it:

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 354

TRISTRAM DODGE OF BLOCK ISLAND2974 DR

TRISTRAM DODGE OF BLOCK ISLAND DR
18 March 1662/[63]
To 15 yds ¼ of kersy at 6s 3d			04	13	09
To 10 yds Locram at 2s 4d			01	03	05
10 yds linnen cloth at 2s 10d			01	08	04
20 yds red shag Cotton at 4s			04	00	00
			11	05	06
Dlrd by Jonath Gilbert of my owne Salt 36 bushs ½ of Salt at 4s 6d			08	04	03
To a line dlrd to Wellman that caryed the goods abovesd downe to Hartford			00	01	00
To Indian Corne from Curtis of Wethersfeild 31 bush at 2s 6d			03	17	06
To what Brought from the sum below viz 5s 10d not being sumed up there			00	05	10
These good acoted to Mr Lake298			23	14	01
I gaue in to Mr Lake my Sum to be 23 li 7s 2d but it is 23 li 14s id
March 18 1662/[63]
To Goods of Major Hawthorne & Companys as followeth
To 4 Barells of Rum 31 Gallons ½ Each abate in the [whole]* [illegible] Gallons So it is 118 Gallons & ½ 5s gd per gallon299			33	18	06
To 15 bsh Salt at 4s 6d at 5s			03	07	06
To 4 hhds 1 at 4s 6d 3 at 5s 6d 1 li 1s 0d
			00	19	06
To 20 yds of red duffeild at 7s 6d			07	10	00
15 yds of blew Trading Cloth at 7s 6d			05	12	06
15 yds of wt trading Cloth at 7s			05	05	00

57 yds ½ 11 li 00s 0sd red Cotton at 3s 10d but 56 y ½ no 30			10	16	07
2 barells of shot at 45s			04	10	00
1 Barrell of Powder 8 li 10s			08	10	00
the acot given to Mr Lake			80	09	01
But it is 5s 10d more viz 80 li 14s 11d
But the 5s 10d I carry to the Sum above & so make this acording to the acot I
gaue Mr Lake 80 li 9s 1d
80	9	1
23	14	1
104	3	2
Mr Lake was ordered to Recall for those goods abovesd

VOLUME II, 1657–1666 · PAGE 355

THE COMPANY IS DR TO J P
Goods of Major Hawthorne & Company which I haue taken to my selfe are as followeth
May 1663
Impr 55 fad of wt wampam at 5s			13		15		00
75 fad of wt wampam at 2s 6d			09		07		06
14 fad of black			03		10		00
1 Barell of Tobacco 150 li at 7s per li cask with it			04		07		06
7 broken Rundlets300 of shot & much of it lost so much that when I weighed it there wanted [about]* 80 li of 7 C & I could make use of never a Cask they were so broken up & so Came up to Springfeid loose in bags that I beleeve more was lost & it is like will not pve 6 barrells: but I allow for all 10s of it [being to much]*			10		00		00
2 barls of lead 7 C & ql301 at 34 per C			12		06		06
12 Kettles weight 42 li at 2s 6d per li			05		05		00
28 kettles 114 li much brused & hurt at
2s per li		114	11		08		00
1 kettle spoiled		005	00		05		06
	161

3 yds ¾ blew dutch duffeild moth Eaten & damadged at 6s per yd is 1 2 6			08		17		06
29 yds red dutch Duffeid at 7s 6d per yd			10		17		06
63 yds of red Cotton (that pce of 2s 10d) at 3s 2d per yd			09		19		06
			099		19		06
Impr for Journy to fort Aurania & Expences as per acot formerly given in to Mr Lake			60	00		00
Aprill 8th 1662
To Journy toward Ausatinnoag which journy I was forced to desist by Ice & Snow: charges are as per acot			04	08		06
To a Carpenter302 hired to Build & dwell at Ausatinnog for his loss of tyme, Disapointmt & some Mony I pd to the Smith303 for him			00	16		06
To my Journy downe to John Griffen304& Expences			00	15		00
To Codnam305 for freight of the goods he brought to Hartford			02	05		00
getting the sd goods in to the warehose			00	04		06
To Capt Lord for freight of the goods sent per Davy			05	12		06
To charges in saving the sd goods & bringing them from Hockamon to the warhouse			01	10		00
To Jonath Gilbert for warehouse room of all the goods which I pd him on acot this 5th Nov 1663			05	19		00

To shipping goods aboard Jo Plumb sent to Mr Lake			00	03		06
To Journys to Hartford airing & putting up the goods			01	05		00
For those goods the Company are Dr to J P more To the Sum on the other side above viz 23 li 14s 1d which were my owne goods dlrd to Tristram Dodge: & I appoit them to Mr Lake for the Company			23	14		01
			106	13		07
So that By this I haue pd the 99 li 19s 06d which I had of the Companys goods as aboue: & There will be still due to me from the Company			06	14		01
			106	13		07
But if the Company accept not of Tristram Dodge debt to me then I owe the Company just 17 li

1 It was the intention of Miss McIntyre to make a full-dress study of John Pynchon’s business and civic activities before a serious illness ended her project. She did, however, show what can be deduced from sources such as these accounts by resourceful and imaginative research in the first draft of her investigation of the fur trade. Roberta and Carl Bridenbaugh have edited this fragment for clarity and style, but have carefully refrained from altering the meaning of anything the author wrote or intended to include in a revision. They have made only such slight changes as any editor would make in a second draft. Although Miss McIntyre wrote her piece several decades ago, the editor firmly believes that it is destined to become the standard treatment of the fur trade of western Massachusetts.

The author cited the original manuscripts at Springfield in her footnotes, and the editor has sought to avoid confusion by leaving the references as she wrote them, rather than cite the extracts given in the present volume.

The Colonial Society of Massachusetts, and especially those of us associated with The Pynchon Papers, applaud the superb scholarship of Miss McIntyre and her graciousness in offering her notes and writings for use in this volume.

2 Sylvester Judd, “The Fur Trade on Connecticut River in the Seventeenth Century,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xi (1857), 217–219; Samuel E. Morison, “William Pynchon, Founder of Springfield,” Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, lxiv (1930–1932), 67–107; Francis X. Moloney, The Fur Trade in New England, 1620–1676 (Cambridge, 1931), 29–63; Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1955), 53–55, are the principal early accounts of William Pynchon’s trading activities. An important, work (still unpublished) is William I. Roberts, “The Fur Trade of New England in the Seventeenth Century,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1958; and the most authoritative study [Ed.] is Ruth A. McIntyre, William Pynchon: Merchant and Trader (Springfield, 1962).

3Records of the Court of Assistants of Massachusetts Bay, ed. John Noble (Boston, 1901–1928), 11, 23, 27; Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff (Boston, 1853–1854), 1, 100, 136, 140, 179; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, series 2, viii, 231; Morison, “William Pynchon,” 74n., notes that £120 would pay for 400 pounds of beaver, but a typographical error makes 12s. the rate per pound.

4Records of Massachusetts Bay, 1, 179. About this time, Connecticut offered Pynchon a monopoly of the fur trade around Springfield but, as an English gentleman, he replied: “I cannot see how it will stand with the public good and the liberty of freemen to make a monopoly of trade. . . . I hope the Lord in his mercy will keep me from coveting any unlawful gain: or [consenting to] any man’s hindrance where God does not hinder them.” Public Records of Colony of Connecticut, ed. J. Hammond Trumbull and Charles J. Hoadly (Hartford, 1850), 1, 20; Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, lviii (1924–1925), 388, Pynchon to Robert Ludlow, 19 January 1637/8; Morison, “William Pynchon,” 83. Before Pynchon quarreled with Connecticut, he may have agreed to pay a tax of one shilling per pound of beaver. Winthrop Papers (Boston, 1947), v, 143.

5 Mason A. Green, Springfield, History of Town and City, 1636–1886 (Springfield, 1888), vi; Records of Massachusetts Bay, 1, 118. For examples of the sale of prohibited items to the Indians, see Records of the Court of Assistants, 11, 27, 106. For Springfield’s ordinance, see Henry M. Burt, The First Century of Springfield. The Official Record from 1636 to 1736 (Springfield, 1898), 1, 165.

6Records of Massachusetts Bay, 1, 322–323; 11, 31, 44.

7 Moloney, Fur Trade in New England, 97–98. Hawthorne was among those selected by Massachusetts to consider the company scheme. After it failed, he was one of a group which petitioned for a monopoly of the fur trade in new parts of Massachusetts, 50 miles from any existing plantation. Moloney, 99; Records of Massachusetts Bay, 11, 117.

8 William Pynchon Accounts, kept in both his own hand and that of John, form part of the Judd Manuscript, Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass. They begin about 1645 and run through 1650. Although almost no beaver skins are mentioned, inasmuch as they list chiefly goods supplied to settlers along the river, extensive Indian traffic may be inferred from the large amounts of wampum strung during those years. For example, William Pynchon Accounts (Ms. unpaged; brackets indicate author’s paging), [1], [3], [5], [6], [11], [88], [158]. Morison did not seem to know of these accounts, and Bailyn, New England Merchants, 55, 231, makes little use of them.

9 Simeon E. Baldwin, “The Secession of Springfield from Connecticut,” Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, xii, 79–81; Records of Massachusetts Bay, 1, 323–324; 11, 44, 124; Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England, ed. David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855–1859), ix, 21, 150f. For Hopkins, see Winthrop Papers, iii, 204, 213, 389/438.

10Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, ed. William H. Whitmore (Boston, 1889), 161; Records of Massachusetts Bay, iii, 208; Records of Plymouth, ix, 171–173, 176, 177, 178, 179. For other grievances of the Dutch against Pynchon, see section on the Albany trade below.

11 The fragment of the Treasurer’s accounts for 1650–1654 shows no receipt of fees for the beaver trade. Massachusetts Archives, C, 52. Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence, ed. J. Franklin Jameson, Original Narratives of Early American History (New York, 1910), 237. For Johnson’s credibility, see Jameson, 6, 9.

12 New Hampshire Historical Society, Collections, iii, 96; Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 1, 354. The effective date of the agreement with the fur traders was to be July 1657, but the General Court did not approve it and did not order it to be recorded until late in 1658. For the Indian situation, see George Sheldon, “The Pocumtuck Confederacy,” in The Connecticut Valley Indian[s]: An Introduction to Their Archaeology and History, ed. William P. Young (Springfield, 1969), Appendix iii, 112–121.

13 Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 1, 291–292. The stopping of the liquor traffic seems to be the chief objective in this measure. See ibid., iii, 425–426.

14 Massachusetts Archives, G, 66–75. In 1659 the amount for the beaver trade in the Treasurer’s accounts was not recorded.

15 Accounts rendered 28 May 1664 in Massachusetts Archives, C, 93–103; also in Massachusetts Historical Society, Photostats. Pynchon’s absence on a trip to England from the fall of 1663 to the summer of 1664 may explain these lowered payments.

16 Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 2, 364–365, 366, 398–399. Way was to pay annually £600 for the farm. Richard Way was a merchant who owned a ware-house and part of a wharf in Boston. Records of the Suffolk County Court, 1671–1680, Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications xxix–xxx (1933), I, 244; Suffolk Deeds, ed. W. B. Trask (Boston, 1880–1906), v, 211; Suffolk County Court Files (Supreme Judicial Court, Boston), 909. He also retailed liquor and served as attorney in several cases involving property settlements. Records of the Suffolk County Court, passim.

17 Massachusetts Archives, C, passim.

18 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 307, 308–309, 225–226. The Parsons agreement is on page 330, and is reproduced in Burt, First Century of Springfield, 11, 618, and Burt, Cornet Joseph Parsons (Garden City, N.Y., 1898), 16. The Webb agreement probably did not go into effect, for it is marked “Void” at the foot of it. Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 331; Burt, Parsons, 16–17.

19 John Pynchon, Account Book, iii, 5, 7. The wording of the passage permitting flexibility is obscure. It seems to mean that Pynchon and Parsons would share proportionately in the payment of the license fee to the colony, according to the trade of each.

20 John Pynchon, Account Book, ii, 6, 340–342; iii, 214; ii, 84, 266, 300. Field paid, for example, £1 for trading 80 skins, which amounted to 3d. per pelt.

21 John Pynchon, Account Book, ii, 15–17, 18 (August 1662, at the rate of 3d. per skin). His liberty for three years prior to 1668 cost him £4.

22 John Pynchon, Account Book, iii, 246. For Waite’s lack of compliance, see above, 17.

23 The item for Deacon Daniel Hovey reads as follows: “I allowing him to trade with the Indians, he paying for it as I do, 6d. per skin.” Hovey received small quantities of trading goods and paid with the beaver he collected. William Pritchard paid a total of £3 5s. in license fees from 1670 to 1674. John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 1, 322 (4 November 1670), 323, 328.

24 John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 1, 268. A similar arrangement probably gave rise to David Wilton’s payment of £6 10s. in 1664. In this case, however, Wilton must have paid the amount to John Pynchon, Jr., who handled his father’s business in Boston at this time; he repaid it to his father. John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, 1669–1674 (Connecticut Valley Historical Museum), [89], [134].

25 Joseph H. Smith, in Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639–1702): The Pynchon Court Record (Cambridge, 1961), deals brilliantly with John Pynchon’s judicial career and with the legal aspects of the following lawsuits.

26 Smith, Colonial Justice, 41–42, 44, 63.

27 Hampshire County Probate Court Record, 1, 8, 11, cited by Smith, Colonial Justice, 122. Where Sackett obtained his trading goods is a mystery, for his account with Pynchon shows no significant quantity. Account Book, 11, 44, 45.

28 Whitmore, Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, 75.

29 Hampshire County Waste Book (Connecticut Valley Historical Museum), [51], [61].

30 Hampshire County Probate Court Record, 1, 119.

31 This appeal seems to have been without result. Hampshire County Waste Book, [75].

32 Hampshire County Waste Book, [129]. Proceedings against Westcarr are summarized in Sylvester Judd, History of Hadley (Springfield, 1905), 64–65.

33 Judd Manuscript, 1, 40.

34 Smith, Colonial Justice, 122, 145–146n.

35 The fullest account of this topic is in Ronald O. MacFarlane, “Indian Relations in New England, 1620–1760: A Study of a Regulated Frontier,” Ph.D thesis, Harvard University, 1933, Chapter ii. This author relied mainly on the colony records and official sources for Essex County; he produced an interesting, but different, interpretation of certain points of detail.

36 Morison, “William Pynchon,” 90.

37 Winthrop Papers, iii, 286, 4 July 1636.

38 Green, Springfield, 25–26, 55; Harry A. Wright, The Story of Western Massachusetts (New York, 1949), 1, 145–146; Indian Deeds of Hampden County, Harry A. Wright, ed. (Springfield, 1905), 12; Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xlviii (1914), 42–43. For example, he described the best season for trading skins as being when the snow fell at the beginning of winter. Green, Springfield, 32.

39 Green, Springfield, 26; Winthrop Papers, iv, 296 (1640); v, 271. While he was helping to keep his father’s accounts, young John made notes on the Indian system of naming months. William Pynchon Accounts, [4]. These have been transcribed by Wright, Story of Western Massachusetts, 1, 253.

40 Green, Springfield, 10, 11, 45, et passim; William Pynchon Accounts, [8].

41 William Pynchon Accounts, [21]; John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 78; Moloney, Fur Trade in New England, 52.

42 William Pynchon Accounts, [198], [215].

43 Map, reproduced in Narratives of New Netherlands 1609–1664., ed. J. Franklin Jameson, Original Narratives of Early American History (New York, 1910), facing 294, and in Henry A. Wright and Charles DeForest, Early Maps of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts (Springfield, 1911) as Van der Donck’s Map of the Connecticut Valley, 1650. In 1648 the General Court referred to the warehouse as near the Springfield boundary. Records of Massachusetts Bay, 11, 227.

44 William Pynchon Accounts, [147]. [James] Johnson, another Boston merchant, paid debts for Pynchon. Winthrop Papers, iv, 331.

45 William Pynchon Accounts, [47], [55], [66], [68], [92], [134], [147], [178]; Winthrop Papers, v, 163, 311.

46 Fragment of account of William Pynchon, 9 June 1646, numbered 112 (in possession of Mr. Harrison B. Clapp of Springfield, by whose kind permission it has been used).

47 See Constance M. Green, “New England Confederation,” in Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, ed. Albert B. Hart (New York, 1927–1928), 1, 237–240.

48 Moloney, Fur Trade in New England, 60, seems to base it upon Edward Johnson’s statement of 1650, quoted on above, 10.

49 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 79, 152, 306.

50 William Pynchon Accounts, [19], [154], [174], [216].

51 Burt, Cornet Joseph Parsons, 15; John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 26, 306.

52 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 152.

53 William I. Roberts, “The Fur Trade of New England,” 52.

54 Roger Williams, Key to the Indian Language, Rhode Island Historical Society, Collections, 1, (1827), 106, 107. This tract and other sources make clear that Indians already used a variety of European goods.

55 Cooper’s accounts, in John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 79–82, 220–223, 308, 325–327. It is much more difficult to establish which goods William Pynchon dealt in with the natives. A random examination of his daybook shows an enormous variety of English goods, but the biggest purchasers, among them the Reverend Mr. Moxon, obviously bought for their own consumption such items as shoes, stockings, ribbons, gloves, fine Holland cloth, and paper. Also the many varieties of cloth, such as kersey, tammy, red Manchesters, bays, and red cotton were usually sold in small quantities as if for the use of the settler who bought them. William Pynchon Accounts, [1] et seq.

56 Williams, Key, 107; John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 218–219; also in Wright, Story of Western Massachusetts, 1, 254–256. Probably a sachem was more likely to buy ready-made clothing, whereas the mantle of cloth mentioned by Williams was more commonly used. In 1646 William Pynchon had a tailor make 53 Indian coats. William Pynchon Accounts, [111], [112]. Thomas Stebbins made large quantities of waistcoats, caps, and stockings from material supplied by John Pynchon. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 91. One “Broad Essex Shag Coat, of 1 yard and 3 quarters and more” was given to an Agawam Indian in payment for a parcel of meadowland; 10 coats were part payment for Pynchon’s purchase of land later deeded to Northampton. Indian Deeds of Hampden County, 24, 27.

57 In these days shoes wore out very quickly, if they were worn regularly. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 324.

58 Williams, Key, 51, 130.

59 Douglas E. Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk (New York, 1958), 2, 20.

60 Curiously, the Jew’s harp was a prime trading item sought by the Indians throughout American history until 1900, at least. [Ed.]

61 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 78, 79, 326. Cooper was skilled at stringing wampum, for Pynchon reimbursed him for this service. William Pynchon Accounts, [3], [5], [6], [11], [21], [88], [157], [158], [159], [193], [201], [206], for examples of wampum transactions. For the Stephen Day instance, see Winthrop Papers, iv, 495. Perhaps it should be mentioned that Robert Linscott in “The Money-maker,” American Heritage (February 1960), wrote about Pynchon’s wampum dealings. He made several misleading statements, the most serious being that William Pynchon “made” shell money, whereas his accounts show merely the stringing of wampum. This act certainly did not make it “mass-produced, if somewhat bogus wampum. . . .”

62 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 80; 11, 218.

63 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 49.

64 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 48, 49.

65 The woolen cloth alone included northern, Devonshire, and Hampshire kerseys in such colors as red, green, olive, and steel gray; peniston; duffel; and best Taunton serge. Satin ribbons, silk and crewel lace, and breast and coat buttons and even buttons of gold could hardly have been part of his Indian stock. John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 15, 16.

66 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 18, 19. Wilton paid for a seat in the Windsor meetinghouse in January 1660/1. During the summer his payments to Pynchon were mostly in agricultural products, presumably raised in Windsor, or secured there in exchange for English goods. On 7 November he bought an “Ensign or pair of colours, staff, tassel and top,” which must have been for the new trainband of Northampton, even though Wilton was not formally chosen ensign until 26 March 1661. Henry R. Stiles, History of Windsor (New York, 1959), 150; James R. Trumbull, History of Northampton (Northampton, 1898), 1, 79, 99, 109. Trumbull has Wilton settling at Northampton in both 1659 and 1660.

67 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 18, 366; 111, 200.

68 Burt, Cornet Joseph Parsons, 15, 23, 18–42 (where the accounts are transcribed with reasonable accuracy); John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 306; 11, 3–7. The same trader, like Wilton, stocked the following goods for English customers: a parcel of waistcoats, petticoats, and “gounds,” children’s hats, several sizes of women’s stockings, purl lace and tammy, bays, and calicoes of different shades.

69 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 340, 346.

70 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 6.

71 Williams, Key, 128.

72 Winthrop Papers, 111, 82. There is a good discussion of the types of furs and their uses in Roberts, “Fur Trade of New England,” 68; see also Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (New Haven, 1950), 10–11, 132.

73 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 78, 221.

74 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 318–323; 11, 367ff.

75 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 225, 244.

76 William Pynchon Accounts, Judd Manuscript, [57/41]; William B. Weeden, Indian Money as a Factor in New England Civilization (Baltimore, 1882), 22; Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England (Boston, 1891), 11, 877–879. Careful price research, taking account of the quality of skins, place traded, and dates, will avoid such statements as that made by Judd, History of Hadley, 347, about Pynchon’s beaver: “Most of these skins may have been worth about 8 shillings sterling in England.”

77 The calculations are based on the accounts of these traders in the first three volumes of the John Pynchon Account Book. As elsewhere in the totals, fractions of ½ or above are counted as a whole number.

78 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 318–323; 11, 367–371; 111, 320–321; v, part 2, 550. This record was summarized in part by Sylvester Judd in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xi (1857), 217–219.

79 Davis had received the furs sent down from New Haven on William Pynchon’s account. Fragment of an account of William Pynchon, 9 June 1646. John Pynchon subsequently shared ownership of a warehouse with Davis. Suffolk Deeds, x, 202.

80 John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 87; 11, 325, 124.

81 A single instance in the first ledger book, when the beaver trade was flourishing, is conspicuous: Rowland Thomas was given credit for carrying “corn, meal, and beaver” to John Gallup, a New London coaster who took some of Pynchon’s grain to Boston. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 10, 73.

82 This information is obtained from the John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, 1669–1674 (Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Springfield; photostat in Connecticut State Library).

83 This information is obtained from the John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, 1669–1674 (Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Springfield; photostat in Connecticut State Library).

84 This information is obtained from the John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, 1669–1674 (Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Springfield; photostat in Connecticut State Library).

85 This information is in John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 2, 550.

86 William Davis and Henry Shrimpton were agents for Carwithen, and in 1653 were appointed by the General Court to recover after his death. Records of Massachusetts Bay, 111, 322.

87 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 320; “Diaries of John Hull,” American Antiquarian Society, Transactions, 111 (1857), 146, 147, 149, 174, 184. Garret’s ship was believed lost at sea in 1657, and at first Hull thought himself deprived of another £120 worth of goods until “the Lord made up my last goods . . . by his own secret blessing.” Theodore Atkinson’s shipment by Garret apparently did arrive. Records of the Suffolk County Court, part 1, 55, 56.

88 Twice he jotted down items “Sent by the States’ ships” in 1654. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 321.

89 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 3. John Hull noted that Garret, Jonas Clarke, and Robert Lock, a captain Pynchon used again in 1658, sailed 24 October 1656. Their vessels, carrying most of the “returns of the country” for the year, reached England safely after a voyage lasting about a month. “Diaries of John Hull,” 179.

90 Woodgreen’s ship carried a letter from John Winthrop, Jr., and probably brought his son back to New England in 1661. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, series 5, viii, 72, 267. The risk of frequent capture is shown by Winthrop’s loss of the sugar in Gillam’s ship to Dutch privateers in 1665. John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut (Connecticut State Library), [138], [146].

91 John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 284.

92 John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, [72], [148 reversed]; John Hull, Letter Book, Typescript, American Antiquarian Society, 28, 32, 38, 40; John Hull, Account Book, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 17, 31, 48. References to Greenough are scattered through these sources, for his ship was one of those most frequently used to convey Hull’s own returns, he being one of the owners. Records of the Suffolk County Court, part 1, 422, 461–462. The other links between the shipping of Hull and the Pynchons had to do with the West Indies trade.

93 Harry A. Wright, The Genesis of Springfield (Springfield, 1936), 28

94 On family, religious, and group trading arrangements in general, see Carl Bridenbaugh, Fat Mutton and Liberty of Conscience: Society in Rhode Island, 1636–1690 (Providence, 1974), 70–72 [Ed.].

95 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 312, 320, 322, 323; 11, 367, 369.

96 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xlviii (1894), 255

97 Mr. Bridge of London and his partners refused to release any of John Pynchon’s money in their hands without a special order to replace the one formerly belonging to William Pynchon. Ms. letter, Henry Smith to John Pynchon, 20 February 1662/3 (City Library Association, Springfield). “Brother Smith” who had followed William to England, may also have kept as investment in New England; twice he received returns in furs. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 322, 323.

98 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, series 5, vm, 67, 19 September 1660.

99 Joseph Pynchon’s teacher in Cambridge, Thomas Beale, for example, was to receive credit for 23 pounds of beaver in 1656. Joseph, John Pynchon’s second son, had been sent to board with Beale two years before. John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 3, 323.

100 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 368. It is puzzling that even when the shipment of 1661 was sent to a new set of English partners, the designation on the hogshead, “T M,” was still used.

101 T. G. Barker, The Girdlers Company (London, 1957), 167, 168; New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xlviii (1894), 255. Wickins was also charged with concluding the business of a bill of exchange of a Virginia planter which Pynchon must have held. Henry Smith to John Pynchon, 20 February 1662/3.

102 Before leaving England after completing his mission to secure the Connecticut charter in 1663, Winthrop bought two trunks of haberdashery worth nearly £50, which he evidently planned to sell in New England. Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, xx, 31, 32. Wickins wrote from the “Meremayd in Milk-streete,” where he must have conducted Pynchon’s business.

103 John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut, [396], 20 October 1664; Winthrop Papers, xx, 32, 28 May 1667. Pynchon’s account with Wickins could serve to pay local debts owed to him, as when Samuel Wyllys of Hartford received credit on his account because his brother in England had paid £20 to Wickins. John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 293.

104 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 371; John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book,[148].

105 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 322; 11, 367. Henry Ashurst, a woolen draper of London, was well known as sympathetic to the Puritan colonists. He eventually became Treasurer of the Corporation for the Propagation of the Gospel, an alderman, and a knight. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial (America and West Indies), 1661–1668, nos. 33, 88, 223. John Winthrop, Jr., corresponded with Ashurst about goods sent over to him and John Paine for some scheme that proved disappointing. John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut, [399], [411], [412], [313]. He also traded with Hull. John Hull, Letter Book, 159, 179.

106 Mr. Bekingham was one of the Bridges partners. John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 370. Neither he nor Bridges has been satisfactorily identified.

107 During John Pynchon’s absence, too, others may have conducted trading for him and kept the records. John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 370; m, 320; John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut, [396], 20 October 1664.

108 John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 284, 285. It is curious that Collier’s is the sole account of these London merchants which is entered in this set of ledgers. Other books, now lost, must have contained the details of dealings with the other merchants.

109 John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 320; John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book,

110 John Pynchon, Account Book, in, 321; Suffolk Deeds, vi, [124], [238–239].

111 John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, [88], [89]. Meriwether, a haberdasher, was a Puritan sympathizer whose losses delayed payment. Calendar of State Papers, 1661–1668, no. 440. He sold some hats to John Winthrop, Jr., John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut, [138], [398].

112 John Pynchon, Jr., Account Book, [88], [89], [147]; John Pynchon, Account Book, in, 320. Captain William Mead, a wealthy linen draper and famed as a Quaker who ultimately stood trial with William Penn, marketed cloth and other goods in New England. John Hull bought various kinds of goods from him, for which he paid in moose skins. Records of the Suffolk County Court, part 1, 36–43; part II, John Hull, Account Book, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 82; John Hull, Letter Book, 40.

113 Records of the Suffolk County Court, part 1, 55–56; John Hull, Letter Book, 83, 89, 114.

114 See above, 35, note 4. An independent review of totals reveals that Judd’s calculations contain some inaccuracies.

115 John Winthrop, Letters Relating to Connecticut, [315], [396]. Commotion among the Indians was given as a reason for Pynchon’s paying a reduced license fee in 1657. Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 1, 354. For other possible factors, see the section on trade with Albany. For an interpretation of the figures in the broader context of the seventeenth-century fur trade in various colonies, see the unpublished work of William I. Roberts, cited previously, above, 4–5, note 1.

116 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan (Albany, 1881), xiii, 27.

117 George T. Hunt, The Wars of the Iroquois (Madison, 1940), 33–34, 53, 63, 74; Harold A. Innis, “Interrelations between the Fur Trade of Canada and the United States,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, xx (1933), 322.

118 Hunt, Wars of the Iroquois, 170–171; New York Colonial Documents, xiii, 35–36.

119 Van Rensselaer-Bouwier Manuscripts, ed. A. F. J. Van Laer (Albany, 1908), 483–484. A memorial of 1649 to the States General stated the prior Dutch discovery and claim to the Fresh River. Narratives of New Netherland, 309.

120 Just where this post stood cannot be precisely determined. It has been claimed that it referred to one built near Redhook, Dutchess County, which New Haven traders denied they had approached. New York Colonial Documents, xiii, 21; xiv, 77. The editor’s note that it was Springfield seems unlikely by 1646. Jameson evidently identified the location with Hopkins’ post at Woronoco (Westfield). Narratives of New Netherland, 305m, but by 1647, at least, Woronoco was under Springfield, and thus not under Hopkins. John H. Lockwood, Westfield and Its Historic Influences (Springfield, 1922), 1, 56.

121 Records of Plymouth, ix, 171–173, 23 September 1650.

122 New York Colonial Documents, xiii, 35.

123 Narratives of New Netherlands facing 294. It is shown on the map of Jasper Danckaerts (1650), reproduced in I. N. Phelps Stokes, Iconography of Manhattan Island (New York, 1915), 1, 143. Nicholas Visscher copied Danckaerts’ map for use in the 2nd edition of Adriaen Van der Donck’s Beschryvinge van Nieu-Nederlant (Amsterdam, 1656). Jameson reproduced this map in Narratives of New Netherlands facing 294. Van der Donck remarked upon the English occupation of lands on the river, but reasserted the Dutch claim to the interior lands.

124 John Pynchon, Account Book, 1, 221, 321.

125 Pynchon and one of his subtraders, Joseph Parsons, were in touch with the Dutch in 1658; whether it was on a matter of business or politics is not known. A leading sachem of Nolwotogg, Chickwallop, made a “journey to the Dutch,” for which he was paid sometime before 12 January 1658/9. John Pynchon, Account Book, ii, 7.

126 In 1645 Hawthorne had a part in the company seeking a charter to discover the “great lakes.” Bailyn, New England Merchants, 53.

127 Arthur H. Buffinton, “New England and the Western Fur Trade,” Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, xviii (1915–1916), 1763–178; Minutes of the Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1657–1660 (Albany, 1923), 208. Hawthorne had defended Pynchon’s father in 1651 when he was accused of heretical doctrine. Bailyn, New England Merchants, 108.

128 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 47, 95, 113, 137.

129 Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 2, 395.

130 Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, xvi, 137.

131 New York Colonial Documents, xiii, 107, 126, 129, 150. A letter reported that Stuyvesant had said that the Dutch traders would cut off his head if he granted it. John Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 20 April 1660, Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, series 4, vii, 512.

132 Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 1, 438, 439; extended for two years in 1662; Buffinton, “New England and the Western Fur Trade,” 178–181.

133 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 259, 325, 355. If Lake would not agree to reimburse Pynchon for his own goods sent to Dodge, the latter would have to pay to Pynchon direct. For the location of Ausatinnoag, see Wright, Western Massachusetts, 1, 309. In 1661 Hawthorne received a grant of land to compensate him because official duties as a magistrate for Salem and Marblehead had led to “the dimunition of his estate.” Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 2, 15.

134 Shipped 19 August 1661. John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 136, 367, 370.

135 See Sheldon, “Pocumtuck Confederacy,” 112–121; Calendar of Historical Manuscripts, Dutch (Albany, 1855), part 1, 307.

136 New York Colonial Documents, ii, 253; Peter Wraxall, An Abridgement of Indian Affairs, ed. Charles H. Mcllwain (Cambridge, 1915), xv, xxxix, xlii.

137 Even after the Governor changed the form of Albany’s government in 1686, the control of the fur trade remained in local hands. McIlwain, Wraxalls Abridgement, liv, lvii. See also Arthur H. Buffinton, “The Policy of Albany and English Westward Expansion,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, viii (1922), 328–329, 331, 334, for the Albany restricting of the fur trade.

138 New Tork Colonial Documents, xiii, 458, 22 October 1670.

139 For Thomas Cooper as one of Pynchon’s subagents in the fur trade, see above, 24–28.

140 John Pynchon, Account Book, m, 51, 8 October 1666. As an intermediary, Cooper also paid Pynchon £1 for Captain William Parker of Albany.

141 Minutes of the Court of Albany, Rensselaerswyck, and Schenectady, 1675–1680, ed. A. J. F. Van Laer (Albany, 1928), 11, 411, 421. The bond, dated 16 June 1666, was under suit in 1675 and 1679.

142 John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 51, 151, 331; 111, 13. Parker visited Springfield in 1666. Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, xvi, 51, 141. During this summer there was negotiation with nearby Indians about making peace with the Mohawks. Pynchon credited a beaver from Parker on the same day as Thomas Cooper had a reckoning with the merchant, 8 October 1666. Cooper paid Pynchon £1 in Parker’s behalf. Perhaps Cooper and Marshall had just returned from a trip to Albany. John Bissell received credit for £12 9s. for Captain Parker the same day. Parker is also referred to as a sergeant. Minutes Court of Albany, i, 69 and elsewhere.

143 Pynchon sued successfully to recover this debt in 1675, using Timothy Cooper as plaintiff in his behalf; but no payment had been made by 1679. John Pynchon, Account Book, II, 20, 387–388.

144 John Pynchon, Account Book, III, 16, 17. My reading from this cramped item from the microfilmed transcript, 36, was not correct, Parker there appearing as “Porke.” John Pynchon, Jr., had probably just come from Albany when the reckoning was made on 18 April 1668. Account Book, in, 199.

145 Minutes Court of Albany, 11, 170. Baker had used Parker as surety for £14. Baker denied owing Pynchon anything and produced a receipt dated 7 October 1667. Further action on this case (Parker v. Baker) is in Early Records of the City and County of Albany and Rensselaerswyck, ed. Jonathan Pearson (Albany, 1869), 1, 145. Pynchon referred to corresponding with Baker in 1666. Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, xvi, 142, 144. For Baker’s duties, see Minutes Court of Albany, 1, 45m; Minutes of the Executive Council of the Province of New Tork (Albany, 1910), 11, 387–390

146 John Pynchon, Account Book, iii, 61, 226, 227, 321; v, part i, 252. Joachim Wesselsen or Wessels, a baker, signed himself on one occasion as “Jochem, baker.” This may be Pynchon’s Yacom Baker. Early Records of Albany, iii, 78.

147 For Holtman, see John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part i, and Index; Livingston-Redmond Mss. (Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park), John Pynchon to Gerrit Van Slichtenhorst, 12 December 1673 (courtesy of Dr. Lawrence Leder). For Pynchon’s payment to Timothy Cooper for his journey to Northampton about this matter, see John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part i, 85.

148 John to Joseph Pynchon, 4 November 1671, The Pynchon Papers, i, “Letters of John Pynchon,” Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, lx, 99–101.

149 The wording of the grant of trading privileges—“the privilege of the trade with the natives in these western parts of this colony, without prohibition of any sort of goods, things, or whatever is necessary and allowed to be traded at Albany . . .”—suggests that Massachusetts would permit the trade in firearms and liquor to be regulated according to the rules prevailing in New York. Bufhnton, “New England and the Western Fur Trade,” 183–187, 192; Records of Massachusetts Bay, iv, part 2, 558.

150 John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part i, 85, 193, 305; v, part 2, 410, 411; Buffinton, “New England and the Western Fur Trade,” 187, did not know of these entries.

151 Paine was plagued by debts occasioned in part by his interest in the ironworks at Saugus. At his death, his son had to settle an insolvent estate. See E. N. Hartley, Ironworks on the Saugus (Norman, Okla., 1957), 258, 260–261; Records of the Suffolk County Court, 11, 755, 798–799.

152 John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 2, 476–477. This agreement was first described by Lawrence H. Leder and Vincent P. Garosso, “Robert Livingston (1654–1728): Business Man of Colonial New York,” Business History Review, xxx (1956), 22n.

153 Pynchon did not give the first names of Usher and Sargent, but it is safe to assume that they were the prominent Boston merchants of those names. Pynchon did not secure these goods direct from England, but through the Boston middlemen. He noted that he kept track of some of them in a separate pocket-book. John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 2, 476.

154 John Pynchon, Account Book, part 2, 431; Minutes Court of Albany, 11, 12.

155 Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk, 86, 88; Minutes Court of Albany, n, 26.

156 Pynchon’s retirement lasted only two years; he was back again with additional military responsibilities. Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk, 96.

157 John Pynchon, Account Book, v, part 2, 431, 476.

158 See “Letters of John Pynchon,” 1, 178–311; Leder, “Robert Livingston,” 22–24; and notes citing Livingston-Redmond Mss., letters of Timothy Cooper to Livingston, 2 October 1678; Elizur Holyoke to Livingston, 3 October 1678, 8 May 1679, 20 October 1680. Copies supplied by Professor Leder in Connecticut Valley Historical Museum. Smith, Colonial Justice, 43–59, 99–102, treats Pynchon’s civil and diplomatic tasks in some detail.

159 Goodman Thomas Cooper of Springfield: trainband officer, local official, later deputy to the General Court, customer and business associate of John Pynchon. Lieutenant Cooper was killed by the Agawam Indians during their attack on Springfield, 5 October 1675. His son Timothy was Pynchon’s partner in a fur-trading venture at Albany. See Pynchon Papers, I, index, and Ruth McIntyre’s introduction in the present section. Cooper was by occupation a fur trader, carpenter, and farmer, according to Stephen Innes, A Patriarchal Society: Economic Dependency and Social Order in Springfield, Massachusetts, 1636–1702 (Ann Arbor, 1977), 208–209. In appendices this author supplies useful biographical details about more than two hundred male inhabitants of seventeenth-century Springfield. Unless otherwise noted, all identifications in this volume are taken from the Innes book.

160 Reice (Reyce) Bedertha (Bedortha): freeman and inhabitant of Springfield, served John Pynchon as a riverman on many occasions; he was also a carter. In 1653 the Pynchon Court fined him for smoking on his haycock.

161 Miles Morgan: Welshman, farmer and carter for Pynchon.

162 Henry Smith, the brother-in-law of John Pynchon, followed William back to England in 1653. Elizur Holyoke: a substantial resident of Springfield and a participant in and witness of John Pynchon’s will of 1663. See Pynchon Papers, I, 49, 118, note 3.

163 John Mathews of Springfield was occasionally employed by John Pynchon as a messenger.

164 David Chapin: possibly a son of Deacon Samuel Chapin of Springfield; apparently a carpenter or other craftsman.

165 Suckling pigs: milk-fed and suitable for roasting whole.

166 Wampam, wampum, wampumpeag, peag, peagu: shell money, consisting of cylindrical beads fashioned by the Indians of Long Island, coastal Connecticut, and the Narragansett Bay region. The shells of quahaugs (hardshell clams), whelk, and periwinkle were used to make the white variety, and for the black or “blew” kind the violet area of the quahaugs. Goodman Cooper had the beads strung in fathoms—roughly the length of outstretched arms, hence six feet. John Pynchon employed many of the inhabitants of Springfield to polish and string wampum, and he sold awls or drills for piercing the shells by the gross to Cooper and other traders. Stringing wampum became an essential part of the fur trade, and there is no record of as extensive a development of this industry by the whites anywhere else in New England. It must be emphasized that the unpierced beads continued to be made by the Indians. When William B. Weeden published his standard work on Indian Money as a Factor in New England Civilization (Baltimore, 1884) he apparently did not know of the Account Books or of Pynchon’s role.

167 Points: shoelace tips.

168 Allem: alum.

169 Coppers: copperas, copper, iron, or zinc sulphate used in dyeing, tanning, and making ink.

170 Good wife Cooper: the spouse of Thomas Cooper; she often assisted Mistress Pynchon.

171 Scots cloth: remains vague; it could have been either woolen or linen.

172 Thrid col: colored thread?

173 Bb Thrid: probably black. Wted bro: brown worsted.

174 Ff thrd: may indicate fine thread.

175 Awl blades: for piercing wampum beads.

176 Tin glasses: tinsel, embellished with gold or silver leaf; also tinsel thread of twisted gold and silver.

177 Throughout this volume material enclosed in brackets with an asterisk was crossed out in the original.

178 Fore claspes: for belts or ribbons fastened in front.

179 Large Pap booke: probably for use as a ledger or account book.

180 Cotton rib: a gross-and-a-half of cotton ribbons may seem excessive, but gentlewomen wore as many as ten short lengths of ribbon on each sleeve of a best dress, as in the celebrated portrait of Mrs. Freake and Baby Mary (1674) at the Worcester Art Museum.

181 Brother Glover: probably Samuel, son of the Reverend Peletiah Glover, the minister of Springfield.

182 Trading coats: ready-made garments that were traded to the Indians for beaver and other furs.

183 Samuel Marshall: probably a slip for Samuel Marshfield, an Indian trader of Springfield, whom John Pynchon considered “the fittest man among us . . . being the best interpreter in these parts.” Pynchon Papers, I, 26.

184 Resting: remaining.

185 William Peeck, Peck: a small merchant of New Haven.

186 Goodman Bradley may have come from New Haven. John Lumbard, Lombard, freeman; John Dorchester, constable; and John Benham, a relative of Pynchon, all lived in Springfield.

187 Black wampum had twice the value of the white in the Indian trade.

188 Firkin: a small cask, originally ¼ of a barrel, used for butter, fish, and liquids; half a kilderkin.

189 John Winthrop, Jr.

190 Goodman Thomas Beale of Cambridge.

191 Worsted garters.

192 Mistress Peck of New Haven appears to have kept a small shop in her house. She was the wife of William Peck.

193 Brasill: Brazil wood, a hard red wood often used by dyers. It was a staple in the West Indian trade.

194 That such a long list of luxury items should have been dispensed from a shop in the small inland town of Wethersfield as early as 1653 suggests the need for some revision of frontier history.

195 Pewter Buts: pewter buttons; and on the line below: silk buttons.

196 Mr William Goodwin: originally from New Haven, where he had been a ruling elder, 1633–1640. He moved to Hadley, where he lived for many years and was intimate with John Pynchon. He died at Farmington, Connecticut, in 1673.

197 Bro Davis: William Davis of Boston, who married John Pynchon’s sister.

198 John Stebbins: fur trader, farmer, laborer, and constable of Springfield who, in 1679, was accused of witchcraft. He was living at Northampton by 1660. Deamons collars: possibly a reference to Simon Beaman, a servant of the Pynchons, carter, and laborer.

199 22s pce of Gold: gold valued by weight rather than by the denomination of the coin to allow for clipping or sweating.

200 Told: measured and valued.

201 Sist Smith was the wife of Henry Smith and John Pynchon’s sister.

202 ½ ql: an unidentified measure, unless it means ½ of ¼, or ⅛ of a yard.

203 Wormseed: for expelling or destroying intestinal worms.

204 Goodman Wilton: later Lieutenant David Wilton of Hadley. One of the three principal fur traders licensed by John Pynchon.

205 Goodman Lewis: unidentified.

206 Q1 pint bottle: a quarter-pint bottle.

207 English hayseed was planted extensively in Rhode Island and, after 1645, was sold by the bushel, some of it to Connecticut planters. That John Pynchon sold Flanders seed at his wilderness post shows how rapidly the practice spread.

208 Copperas.

209 Lidia hudt: Lydia Hunt.

210 Throughout early American history the Indians seem to have been fascinated by Jews’ harps; as a result they were useful in trading with the natives.

211 Hasoky: hassocky, or abounding in clumps and tufts.

212 Coops: Cooper’s.

213 Sumr: summer.

214 Course: coarse.

215 Bever Cods: sacks of castor. See Pynchon Papers, I, 6, note 3.

216 Goodman Chapin: David Chapin of Springfield. See above, 73, note 6.

217 The dutchman: this wheat was being shipped off from Hartford in a Dutch vessel bound for New Amsterdam.

218 New England meetinghouses often served as granaries, being spacious and dry.

219 Gilbert’s warehouse: at Hartford. Pynchon usually stored most of his goods here, both imported and for export.

220 Rate 1657: meetinghouse tax.

221 Ag: again

222 Once more, it is surprising to find that spectacles were for sale in remote Springfield.

223 John Pynchon was in England during 1656–1657.

224 Besides its use for storing furs, Pynchon’s trading house was used also as a shop where items were sold to the English settlers generally.

225 Sieths: scythes.

226 Scosues: possibly snowshoes.

227 Joseph Pynchon probably prepared for entrance to Harvard College at the private grammar school conducted by Elijah Corlet in Cambridge, where he roomed and boarded with Goodman Beale.

228 The Account Books give evidence of more money transactions in the upper Connecticut Valley than one might expect in a frontier society.

229 Ship captains, such as Jonas Clark, were always addressed as master (Mr.) or captain.

230 Cartwither: Captain Digory Carwithen.

231 James Garret, whose ship was captured by the Dutch in 1653. John Pynchon lost six hogsheads of beaver and some moose skins; John Hull of Boston estimated his loss at £130 in furs at the same time.

232 My Father: William Pynchon of Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire.

233 Nottamak: in Western Abenaki nodamdkw means mink.

234 Pynchon usually recorded the master’s rather than his ship’s name.

235 At Hartford John Pynchon had numerous important family connections with whom, as elsewhere, he preferred to deal. Willys was his brother-in-law.

236 The father of Captain William Davis, Pynchon’s brother-in-law, resided in London.

237 State ship: a vessel of the Dutch West India Company, sailing from New Amsterdam.

238 Nicholas Grigson and William Ashurst, merchants of London, were prominent in the New England trade.

239 Joseph Parsons of Northampton, in addition to being one of John Pynchon’s principal licensed fur traders, was involved in numerous cases that came before the Pynchon Court. After 1661 he was clerk of the trainband and keeper of the ordinary (tavern) at Northampton.

240 Possibly Samuel Wolcott of Wethersfield.

241 Goodman Robert Ashley, a constable and town official at Springfield. He worked as a farmer, sawyer, carter, and horse trader, and was often employed by Pynchon. He was listed as a freeman in 1663.

242 Richard Fellows: a fur trader of Hadley.

243 Stage Bever: stag or prime male beaver.

244 Walsis: remains unidentified; here it seems to denote small skins, however.

245 Buttons and breast buttons

246 Probably Edward or William, of the well-known Massachusetts family.

247 Mr Goodyear: probably Stephen Goodyear, sometime governor of the New Haven Colony and one of its richest merchants. He owned a wharf and a warehouse, and in 1647 was the town brewer. Later, he was much involved in the ironworks.

248 Here “ql” means quarter of the ox.

249 Slesy cloth: thin in texture.

250 Michalstide: Michaelmas, 29 September, a quarter day.

251 1 yd nayl gr Say: one yard-and-a-quarter of gray say.

252 Traise: traces, etc., harness.

253 Fraunces Pepper: Francis Pepper, a laborer for Pynchon in the 1650’s. Later he rented one of John Pynchon’s farms.

254 John Allyn of Hartford

255 Keny: Captain Kenny was master of a coaster.

256 Back ag: returned.

257 Wintshamins: an Indian customer.

258 The Dutch: at Fort Orange.

259 At this time, hop-growing was still attracting the attention of such English observers as Carew Reynel, who singled out Farnham in Kent as the center of the culture in 1674. That hops were being traded at Springfield in New England in 1661 is remarkable.

260 Howse frame: see Section vii of these selections, below, 317–350.

261 Poundedge: the charges for the redemption of stray horses at the local pound.

262 Zachariah Feild of Northampton: a minor fur trader.

263 Qts: quantities.

264 James Rogers: the leading merchant of New London. He traded with John Pynchon and owned land jointly with him. See Pynchon Papers, I, 110, note 2.

265 The dutchman: a trader of Mohawk Beaver from Fort Orange. See above, 59, 19 August 1661.

266 Richard Trist: a “cousin” of Pynchon living in England.

267 Mr Bekingham: Henry Beckingham was a partner of Daniel Bridge; they had their countinghouse at the Blue Bec in Fenchurch Street, London. See Pynchon Papers, I, 43–44.

268 Foster Mr: the master or captain of a vessel.

269 A Truss: a bundle or pack of furs.

270 Am: amount.

271 Wild cat: a Canada lynx.

272 Papoose Sk: baby beaver pelts.

273 Chockapeasnet: an Indian who traded directly with Pynchon.

274 Mr Wickins: John Wickins, a merchant of London, supplied John Pynchon with trading goods. He was a special executor of William Pynchon’s will. See Miss Mclntyre’s introduction to this section, above, 43.

275 Cotes: fur coats with the hair inside which were worn by the natives so that in over a year or more the long, coarse hair would be worn off, leaving only the short soft fur used in making felt. Such garments brought the highest prices ordinarily.

276 Mistress Mead’s token: it was customary for merchants in constant correspondence to send gifts to their correspondents’ wives—it was a part of the prevalent family-business practice.

277 Fort Albany: that is, Mohawk Beaver.

278 Qut: quantity.

279 Fitchers: fishers were among the rarest of the fur-bearing animals of North America. They were kin to weasels.

280 Corporall Coy: Richard Coy, the chief inhabitant of Quabaug (Brookfield). See Pynchon Papers, I, 68, 138, 142.

281 Mr John Russell Sen: the minister of Hadley and a personal friend of John Pynchon. See Pynchon Papers, I, 160, 163.

282 Timothy Cooper: the principal fur trader for Pynchon at this time.

283 This wording suggests that John Pynchon already owned a house at Albany.

284 Tin shows: possibly thin plates or sheets, or spangles, or strips of copper or brass for gaudy, showy ornamentation of the Indians. On the other hand, because the shows are listed with mackerel and cod hooks, it is barely possible that fishing spoons are meant—spoons on swivels attached to fishing lines as lures.

285 Hezekiah Usher and Peter Sargent were among the richest and most influential merchants of Boston.

286 Mr Sergence: Peter Sargent.

287 Evidently fashion was not spinach in frontier Springfield.

288 John Westcarr of Hadley rated the “Mr” because he was a physician and enjoyed a license from John Pynchon to trade in furs. On two occasions he faced charges of selling liquor to the Indians. See also Miss Mclntyre’s introduction to this section, above, 16–17.

289 Fort Aurania: Fort Orange.

290 Chik: Chicopee.

291 Ferriage: for conveying the horses across the Hudson River to Fort Orange.

292 John Stewart: the blacksmith of Springfield. See Pynchon Papers, I, 21, note 2.

293 Anthony Dorchester was a laborer of Springfield who performed many services for John Pynchon. He was a freeman of the Bay Colony.

294 Ausatin voyage: a journey to Ausatinnoag.

295 Mr Palms: Edward Palmes. See Pynchon Papers, I, 76–77.

296 Shippey and Pearly: two journeyman craftsmen who did not live in Springfield.

297 Block Island became the town of New Shoreham, Rhode Island, in 1672; it was an important center for raising sheep and cattle.

298 Mr Lake: Thomas Lake, a brother-in-law of John Winthrop, Jr., and a merchant of Boston who dealt with Coddington of Rhode Island and several men at New London.

299 Rum: this is a very early instance of the use in New England of such a large quantity of rum.

300 Rundlet: a rundlet was a cask of varying capacity; a large one contained from 12 to 18½ gallons and a small one from a pint or quart to 3–4 gallons.

301 Ql: one quarter.

302 Carpenter: Samuel Pearly.

303 Smith: John Stewart of Springfield.

304 John Griffen: a contentious and litigious inhabitant of Hartford.

305 Codnam: or Codman, master of a coaster from Boston.

306 Bread: ship’s biscuit or hardtack; also fed to slaves in the West Indies. Large quantities were baked in the towns of the Connecticut Valley.

307 Mr Martins man: probably an indentured servant.

308 Pynchon is sending cargo in the ship Welcome. This marks the beginning of his ventures in the West Indies trade.

309 Primadge & Averidge: primage was a customary allowance made by the shipper to the master and crew for the loading and care of the cargo. Average was any charge over and above the freight incurred in a shipment and payable by the owners to the master.

310 Giles Hamlin was a sea captain and part-owner of ships, with whom John Pynchon had many dealings. He married the daughter of Samuel Crow, Sr., of Hadley. This voyage appears to have been a Hadley enterprise. See Pynchon Papers, I, 41–44, 104, 105, note 2.

311 Mr Wyllys: Sam Willys was a wealthy merchant of Hartford, a Major General of the Connecticut forces, and a relative of John Pynchon by marriage. Along with Richard Lord (see below, 183) he was involved with Pynchon in a sugar plantation called Cabbage Tree in Antigua. He used the younger John Crow (see below, 152, note 6) as his agent in the Leeward Islands.

312 Pequot: New London, Connecticut.

313 Catch desire: the ketch Desire, of which Adam Westgate was the master.

314 S C: Samuel Chapin of Springfield.

315 Mattabeset: later Middletown, beyond which large ships could not sail on the Connecticut River.

316 Captain Silvester: Nathaniel Sylvester of Shelter Island, the principal master of the ships carrying horses to Barbados from New London. Pynchon supplied him with cargoes and provisions for his crew.

317 Pinnacemen: the crew of a pinnace, a small two-masted vessel used in the coasting trade between Mattabeset and Boston.

318 Rowling goods: labor for rolling barrels and other casks.

319 Coop: cooper

320 Mr. John Crow was associated with John Pynchon in the ketch Desire in voyages to Barbados. This entry indicates a triangular trade from Connecticut to Barbados to London and back. See also the important letter of Pynchon to Crow, 8 May 1663, in Pynchon Papers, I, 41–44.

321 Pce coto bey: a piece of coarse, long-napped cotton stuff called bay. The verb to cotton means to raise the nap of any kind of cloth.

322 Your Father Crow: must be Samuel Crow, Giles Hamlin’s father-in-law.

323 Curtis: Goodman Curtis of Wethersfield.

324 Gerys Banbury, the cook of the Desire.

325 Sanford: Peleg Sanford of Newport, for five years the agent of William Brenton of Newport and Taunton in Barbados. See Pynchon Papers, I, 43.

326 Mr Chester: John Chester of Wethersfield, Connecticut, a part-owner of Desire, who was in Barbados in December 1665.

327 Mr Treate Sen: the Treate family owned a large tract of land at Wethersfield and was one of the richest and most influential in the colony of Connecticut.

328 Goodm Harris: William Harris of Wethersfield, a husbandman.

329 Middle Town: formerly Mattabeset, Connecticut.

330 Red dutch Trading Cloth: this must have becn acquired from New Amsterdam in New Netherland.

331 By land & by water: evidently by this time (1663) a cart road existed for some of the distance on the route from Springfield, through Enfield, to Hartford.

332 My Cousin Allyn: Colonel John Allyn of Hartford, Secretary of Connecticut Colony. See Pynchon Papers, I, 24, 187, 202, 255, 263, 265, 270, 288, 298.

333 Captain Cullick: master and part-owner of the ketch Desire before Pynchon, Giles Hamlin, and associates acquired the vessel in 1659 or 1660.

334 Mr Young: John Young was the principal owner of Desire when it was sold to John Pynchon’s group.

335 The horses: Pynchon bought hay from William Harris to feed the horses he was shipping to Barbados. The equine traffic to the sugar colonies was only beginning at this time; the first shipment from Connecticut seems to have becn undertaken by Constant Sylvester in 1650. Pynchon’s horses were part of a shipment out of New London.

336 This amount is referred to in Pynchon’s letter to John Grow, 8 May 1663, Pynchon Papers, I, 41–44.

337 James Rogers: Rogers and Pynchon jointly owned land at New London and frequently had trading relations. Here the transaction of 1658 was Pynchon wheat exchanged for Rogers beaver pelts. See Pynchon Papers, I, 40, 76, 77, no, note 2.

338 Goodman Edward Stallion of New London (Pequot) was a coaster and river boatman much used by Pynchon for shipments of goods to and from New London.

339 Capt Lord: Captain Richard Lord of Hartford was a partner with Samuel Wyllys in Cabbage Tree Plantation of Antigua. John Pynchon rented the plantation from them in 1665. Pynchon Papers, I, 183.

340 Goodman Robert Lattimore was the master of a riverboat.

341 John Smith: master of another riverboat.

342 Possibly Richard Smith of Cocumscussoc (Wickford), on Narragansett Bay, one of the leading Rhode Islanders.

343 It is noteworthy that John Pynchon should be shipping wine and raisins, probably from Hartford to Rogers in New London.

344 Bay: had by, or on hand.

345 Fr: freight.

346 This land, held by Rogers and Pynchon, was ordinarily said to be in New London. See below, Section VI: Land as Wealth.

347 Sheathing Nayls: sheathing nails were used to fasten on a ship’s sides.

348 Bread from Windsor: it is noteworthy that such a tiny village as this should have a bakery for ship’s biscuits.

349 Desire apparently cost about £300.

350 Went in the ship: laded as cargo.

351 Henry Wolcott: an inhabitant of Windsor, Connecticut.

352 Bill: a bill of exchange.

353 Dayman: (Damon): a trader or merchant at Boston.

354 Mr Bartholomew: evidently in Barbados.

355 A rest: a remainder.

356 Samuel Grow.

357 Mr Watson: Caleb Watson, one of Pynchon’s associates in the West Indies ventures. This sum may be a contribution to the support of the school at Hadley rather than a business transaction. Watson was schoolmaster from 1666 to 1673.

358 Bro blew linen: brownish-blue linen?

359 Nath Ely: Nathaniel Ely was one of twenty-six freemen of Springfield in May 1663. John Pynchon often employed him as a messenger.

360 Sattinsco: a fabric resembling satin?

361 Cottone woole: the seventeenth-century term for raw cotton.

362 Beset: Mattabeset or Middletown, Connecticut.

363 Son Johns: John Pynchon, Jr., was now in the business and located in Boston. Miss Mclntyre comments on the son’s activities in her essay on the fur trade, above, 39–49.

364 G Moores: Goodman James Moore of Springfield evidently was a baker of ship’s bread.

365 Under Cundys: the captain of a vessel trading to the West Indies. It could be a Condy of Boston.

366 Roswell & Partridge: merchants in Barbados.

367 Mr Bur: Samuel Burr was a Connecticut man who purchased Desire from Pynchon and his partners on 7 March 1667/68. This ends the accounts pertaining to this ketch.

368 Son Whiting: Joseph Whiting of Hartford, Treasurer of Connecticut Colony and part-owner with Pynchon of Desire. He had married Pynchon’s daughter Mary.

369 Samuel Whiting of Hartford: possibly Joseph’s brother.

370 Steevens: the carpenter Stevens, who was purchased as a servant to work on the ship John and James

371 Ind C: Indian corn or maize.

372 Ship at Hartford: John and James, Giles Hamlin, master.

373 ½ P: one half of a peck.

374 Or Reckning: our reckoning.

375 Tho Dickenson was fined by John Pynchon in March 1676 for leading a “riotous Assembly” at Hadley. This was probably Goodman John Dickenson, Sr., of Hadley.

376 G Dumbleton: Goodman John Dumbleton was a freeman and corporal of Springfield.

377 Mr Pitkin: probably William Pitkin of Hartford.

378 Caleb Standlys: the warehouse owned by Caleb Stanley used occasionally by John Pynchon.

379 Symon wolcuts: Simon Wolcott, a householder at Windsor, Connecticut.

380 Mr Nath foote: in 1679 Nathaniel Foote was an inhabitant of Springfield who was involved in a lawsuit with Joseph Parsons.

381 N England Money: £50 in Pine-Tree shillings was a substantial amount of hard cash for a villager of Hadley to have saved!

382 Sam Partrigg: Samuel Partridge, then of Hadley, served John Pynchon on several occasions. They did not always see eye to eye as the two most powerful leaders of the upper Connecticut Valley.

383 Leiut Philip Smith: a freeman of Hadley.

384 Peter Tilton: a magistrate of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, and for several years an assistant in the General Court.

385 Aron Cooke Jun: a trainband officer living at Hadley, where his father, Aaron Cooke, Sr., was one of the leading inhabitants.

386 Plantation and Sugar worke there: that is, at Cabbage Tree Plantation in Antigua, in which Pynchon was investing the £100 in silver along with funds raised by his Hartford connections.

387 Span Mony: Spanish piece of eight (eight reales), peso, or dollar.

388 Mr Samll Wadsworth: the son of William, who arrived in the Lion in 1632. When Samuel died in 1682, his will gave his estate as £1100; he never married. His home was in Hartford.

389 James Richards: of Hartford, who served as the Connecticut Commissioner with John Pynchon to treat with the Mohawks.

390 Samll Stebbing: Samuel Stebbins was a member of a large family of Springfield, and in 1696 served as a constable. Here he apparently had made a voyage for Pynchon.

391 John Sackett was a deputy constable of Springfield in 1696.

392 Thomas Duee: Thomas Dewey, a farmer of Springfield, was a cornet in the Hampshire Troop of Horse.

393 Sam Roote: the constable of Westfield in 1671–1672.

394 Inn Page: On the page styled Barbados in the Account Book.

395 Freshwater River: in May 1683 a new town was founded at Freshwater River and named Enfield, Connecticut.

396 Thomas Miller sent this raft down from Chicopee over the falls and on to Six Mile Island (now Nott Island), so called because it was six miles from the mouth of the Connecticut River. The timber may have been intended for the West Indies. It is the earliest rafting of timber that the editor has come across.

397 Nick Rust: an inhabitant of Springfield.

398 Disonne: an unidentified and probably misspelled word. The context suggests a dividend or commission for Samuel Partridge.

399 Blocks: blocks or pulleys used in the rigging of ships. Special wood was needed in the fabrication of blocks.

400 Samuel Ely went to Antego, the contemporary English spelling for Antigua, in 1684 to close out John Pynchon’s accounts for Cabbage Tree Plantation.

401 Mr Sam Glover: the son of the Reverend Peletiah Glover, minister at Springfield. Samuel was commissioned captain of the Springfield trainband in 1684. He was associated with John Pynchon in the ketch Northern Venture.

402 Nathaniel Lomes: Nathaniel Loomis probably lived in Westfield.

403 Benja Waite: an Indian trader of Hatfield licensed by John Pynchon.

404 Mr Marshall: a householder of Windsor who cannot be identified as other than owner of part of the ketch.

405 Ocum: oakum. Loose fibers from old hemp rope used in caulking the seams of vessels.

406 Mr Glover & Capt Glover: the Reverend Peletiah Glover and his son Cattain Samuel Glover of Springfield.

407 Mr Whitig: Samuel Whiting of Hartford.

408 Molse: molasses.

409 Aqua: aqua vitae, usually aqua vite for the English; also usquebaugh. Any form of ardent spirits taken as a drink, such as brandy or usquebaugh (eaue de vie) or whisky.

410 Sam Porter Sen: a husbandman of Hadley who in 1661 had one indentured servant. Farmers consumed large quantities of salt for preserving meats.

411 The minister at Springfield was one of a number of New England clergymen who saved money from their salaries and the produce of their farms and ventured it in cargoes for the West Indies.

412 As a ketch, Northern Venture must have been large enough to have had to be built somewhere below Enfield Falls.

413 Wt wood: boards of white pine.

414 Bro Davis: Captain William Davis, apothecary and substantial merchant, was John Pynchon’s brother-in-law and for many years handled the Boston end of the Pynchon trade.

415 Job Hilliard: one of the several Boston-based skippers in the coasting and Connecticut river traffic. So too were Caleb Carwithen, Richard Parker, and John Gallup of New London. Several of the masters of coasters mentioned below are no longer identifiable.

416 G. Lewis: Goodman William Lewis was a husbandman of Hadley who sold wheat to John Pynchon.

417 James Olliver: one of the richest and most influential men of Boston. He took off wheat from the minister of Springfield, Reverend George Moxon.

418 Tar: that barrels of tar could be numbered by the hundreds at this time is significant.

419 Tho Mirick: Thomas Mirick, born in Wales, husbandman and one of a large and litigious family of Springfield. He served as a carter and riverboatman for Pynchon.

420 Cannoe: the canoes mentioned in these accounts were large dugouts, not the birchbark craft of popular belief. They could carry barrels and hogshead down to Enfield Falls and bring back imported English goods.

421 Bringing up goods: from Enfield Falls (Warehouse Point) on the Connecticut River to Springfield.

422 Thomas Bancroft was a miller and sometimes a canoeman or boatman for John Pynchon. He took the oath of fidelity at Springfield in 1656, and in 1665 he leased Pynchon’s mill for seven years.

423 My Sea Coales: coal mined in England and shipped from Newcastle or Bristol across the Atlantic to New England for use in the forges of smiths and braziers. The 120 bushels mentioned above were probably charcoal, the usual forge fuel.

424 Fraunces Pepper: Francis Pepper, who took the oath of fidelity at Springfield in 1649, seems to have made a trip back to England in September 1652.

425 Reice Bedortha: Reice (Reyce) Bedortha, freeman, served Pynchon as a riverman on many occasions. He was also a carter.

426 Chick, Chikkup: Chicopee, Massachusetts.

427 John Bissall Jun: John Bissell, probably of Windsor, Connecticut.

428 Laurence Bliss took the oath of fidelity at Springfield on 26 February 1661/2; his family was both important and numerous.

429 Sam Marshfeild: prominent in town affairs at Springfield, Marshfield also kept an ordinary there in 1660.

430 These cattle were sent to New London by ship; they would have had to be driven overland from Springfield to Hartford.

431 Gods: goods.

432 Marshfeilds Teame: evidently there was a passable cart road between Springfield and Hartford by 1666, thus making it possible to transport grain in bulk.

433 Serjant Stebbins: Thomas Stebbins, born in England in 1645, was a farmer, tailor, and laborer for Pynchon; he was also a constable at Springfield.

434 Wm Warrinar: a freeman and a constable of Springfield.

435 Sam Terry: a former indentured servant of Pynchon’s at Springfield. Later a carter and laborer for Pynchon, from whom he leased a farm.

436 Fresh water River: also called Freshwater Brook, in Enfield, Connecticut.

437 Goodm Strong: John Strong of Northampton

438 Increase Sikes: a freeman living in Springfield; a carpenter, logger, and laborer, regularly in Pynchon’s employ.

439 James Bridgman: formerly of Springfield, but lived after 1654 in Northampton.

440 John Earle of Springfield frequently worked for John Pynchon. Though “this was not pformed” (see below), it was a considerable undertaking that was planned as early as 1669, and demonstrated the ingenuity of the Springfield merchant in extending his area and kinds of trade.

441 The Bay to Hartford: Massachusetts Bay (Boston).

442 Servts Passadge: some of the more affluent New Englanders sent home for indentured servants, especially for ones with certain skills.

443 G Dorchester: Goodman Anthony Dorchester (see below, 217, note 9).

444 Mulch: a mixture of soil with rotted straw.

445 John . . . mattocks: probably John Stewart of Springfield, blacksmith, who repaired the mattocks, which were agricultural tools for loosening hard ground and grubbing up trees.

446 3 d worke: three days’ work.

447 Smith was a well-known carter in Springfield.

448 Bro Holyoke: Elizur Holyoke married John Pynchon’s sister Mary. He was the second most prominent inhabitant of Springfield and an associate with Pynchon on the Hampshire Court. This mill was clearly a family enterprise.

449 Brother Smith: John Pynchon’s brother-in-law, Henry Smith, who returned to England about a month after this entry of 1652.

450 Tole: toll, charges for use of the mill.

451 Goodman Dorchester was now the miller of Springfield, but for one year only.

452 Indian: Indian corn or maize.

453 Wheat ground into flour for Barbados: this is the first record of Pynchon’s trading to the West Indies.

454 Father: William Pynchon, the founder of Springfield, now in England.

455 Richard Sikes: Goodman Sykes, the new miller, at various times served Springfield as a selectman or other local official.

456 Cogs & Rounds and buckets: cogwheels; rounds were probably rollers, or, according to the OED, part of a lantern-wheel cylinder “in which the top and bottom are formed by circular plates or boards, connected by staves [rounds?] inserted at equal distances . . . [and] serving as teeth” (1659). The buckets were not water-wheel buckets, which had not yet been devised.

457 Breeches: breaches or breaks in the sluice or watercourse which required frequent clearing or cleaning.

458 Trundle: a small wheel, roller, or caster; a lantern-wheel.

459 Gudgeons: in this case journals for bearing the shaft of a waterwheel.

460 Sledge & Peck: either a pecker, which was a kind of hoe, or a pick.

461 Croe: a crowbar.

462 Quabaug: the Algonkian name for Brookfield, where the mill was being erected.

463 Long pve bu: long prove but.

464 2 March 1668: could be either 1668 or 1669.

465 Joseph Leonard: an inhabitant of Hatfield, who in 1671 faced his employer at the Hampshire County Court for contemptuous carriage and illegal trading with the Indians.

466 Recd of the dutchman: not infrequently a Dutchman from Albany came to trade with Pynchon, who was always happy to have “Mohawk Bever.”

467 This is an early use of shingles on New England mill or farm buildings. Laths were thin, narrow strips of wood used to form a groundwork for laying shingles.

468 Thomas Bancroft: apparently satisfactory millers were scarce, for Pynchon is now contracting with his fourth one.

469 John Webb was making the millstones at Northampton. In 1658 he was licensed to keep an ordinary or tavern there.

470 The millstones were sent down to Springfield by boat or great dugout canoe.

471 Mr Andrews owned half of this mill.

472 Bolting mill: in which the bran was sifted from the flour.

473 Cornelius Williams: he and Mr. Andrews were experienced millwrights whom Pynchon brought in from out-of-town.

474 Tho Copley: Goodman Copley was a husbandman of Springfield.

475 Jonath Burt: a deacon and constable at Springfield who was a member of a numerous family.

476 Coronellus: Cornelius Williams.

477 Stickens wostead: possibly a pair of worsted stockings, although 12 shillings seems a high price for them.

478 Fleame: flume.

479 House of Corection: see below, Section VII.

480 Jermy Horton: Jeremy Horton and Warriner (Warner?) each belonged to a large family of Springfield.

481 Corporall Coys: Richard Coy.

482 G Aires: John Aires or Ayres, Senior, of Quabaug, was involved in building and operating the mill there.

483 Pritchard: William Pritchard, selectman of Brookfield, helped to build Pynchon’s mill.

484 Deacon Hovey: Daniel Hovey, Aires, and Pritchard were all of the town of Brookfield, and all joined with Pynchon in erecting the mill.

485 Leantoe fashion: the lean-to roof had a different pitch from the roof of the millhouse. The lean-to was usually added later, but in this instance it was planned as part of the original building. An excellent example of an added lean-to is the Richard Jackson House at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, as shown in Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture (New York, 1952), 18.

486 Home lot and meadow: the town of Quabaug could pay Pynchon for his outlay for the mill only by a grant of 60 acres of land. This is a prime illustration of the way he received much of the land he owned.

487 Woodshaw: a fisher, a fur-bearing animal of the weasel family.

488 Pine Hall: this sawmill was located in Springfield.

489 My Roco: on 1 December 1687 Pynchon noted in his Court Record: “Roco and Sue my Negroes, Joined in Marriage.”

490 John Buck: an Indian laborer who ran away (so he stated in court) from his master, Thomas Milton of New York. Justice John Pynchon ordered him returned to Manhattan.

491 Slitwork 3C: 300 pieces of sawn or rived timber used in building the sawmill.

492 Eight owners: these men were all residents of Springfield.

493 John Harris: a specialist in the making of rosin.

494 Mile of: off, or away from Springfield.

495 Benja Wright: another worker in resin who did not come from Springfield.

496 Gharls Ferry Sen: a freeman of Springfield and a weaver by trade.

497 Capt Germon: John German (Germain, Jerman), probably a Huguenot who brought at least three “Frenchmen” to work on the “Rossin designe.”

498 Sam Lamb: this resin worker became a freeman at Springfield in 1691.

499 You: that is, Charles Ferry, Senior.

500 Peter Swinck: a black inhabitant of Springfield since 1661 at least.

501 John Weller: a cooper of Springfield.

502 Leiut Meachem: Goodman Isaac Meachem of Springfield.

503 Mr Stoughton: probably William Stoughton, the Lieutenant Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

504 Joseph Williston: a prominent Springfield settler who undertook in November 1694 to “carry” the runaway Indian apprentice, John Buck, from Springfield to New York and deliver him to his master, Thomas Milton. This was a costly judgment for the little town.

505 Luke Hitchcock: Luke Hitchcock, Senior, a cordwainer at Springfield.

506 Eben Graves: Ebenezer Graves was working as a carter at Springfield in September 1692.

507 Bons: bones.

508 Ridder or Seiver: a sieve.

509 Tere Cloth: terry cloth is a fabric with loops of pile left uncut.

510 Mid Hall: “Rosin Hall,” where the resin work was carried on.

511 These accounts about provisions show that New England laborers were far better fed than English workmen, who rarely saw meat on their plates.

512 Jo Pynchon: Joseph Pynchon, John’s son, who had returned to Springfield after an unsuccessful career as a physician in England. In 1660 he had been chosen the Springfield deputy to the General Court.

513 Wm caryed out prvisson: William Cheney, baker, delivered loaves of bread.

514 Horse cut: that is, castrated.

515 Charls the Baker: the context suggests that Charles was the baker at Mid Hall.

516 Burning about our Pine Trees: there seems to have been a costly fire among the pines that kept eight men busy for five days.

517 I ack: I acknowledge.

518 The dutchmen: probably some of Captain German’s workmen from Manhattan. What with Englishmen, Dutchmen, French Huguenots, and Indians, frontier Springfield was beginning to acquire a cosmopolitan population. In seventeenth-century New England, this was a rare occurrence.

519 Doctor Auralt was probably the Doctor Nicholas Ayrault who was a resident of Springfield in 1696. At the same time another Huguenot physician, Doctor Peter Ayrault, was practicing in Newport. They may have been brothers.

520 Winthrop Papers (Boston, 1944), iv, 355, 495–496, 497.

521 See the endpapers for the location of Tantiusque. From 1644 to the close of the First World War graphite was mined intermittently there.

522 John, the son of William Payne (Paine), and Captain Thomas Clarke were among the outstanding merchants of Boston. They were also deeply involved in fur-trading and industrial ventures, such as the ironworks at Saugus and in Connecticut. See Miss Mclntyre’s account of the Hawthorne Venture, above, 55–60.

523 Henry Chapin, Thomas Sewell, and William Allyn lived in Springfield. In later years, Allyn kept the ordinary or tavern in the village.

524 William Deines (Deane, or Dennis?) was very much concerned with the graphite mine, particularly with provisioning and supplying the workmen there. In March 1659 he sued John Bagg of Springfield for saying that Deines had stolen an axe from the mine, had converted “a great deal of lead from the right owner,” and had stolen ten pounds of lead in Bagg’s custody. The Selectmen appointed an arbitrator who directed John Bagg to “make publicke acknowledge of his offences.”

525 John Bagg, an inhabitant of Springfield, was employed by Pynchon on several occasions to work at the mine.

526 John Mathews: a contentious resident of Springfield, who in 1669 was bound over by Pynchon to answer for “exceedinge contemptuous behavior” toward the Reverend Peletiah Glover. It appeared that his conduct had been “very odious and Shamefull” and “much after the custome of Quakers.” He was sentenced to fifteen stripes and bound in. £10 for good behavior. See above, 73, note 5 for his services for Pynchon.

527 John Pettybone: a freeman of Windsor.

528 Goodman William Warinar (Warrener, Warriner): On 2 December 1661, Richard Fellows complained to the local court that Warinar was “withholding pay for his man Harman Rowley’s victualls at Chikkuppy as he passed to and from the Lead mines.” Warinar was ordered to pay Fellows 28s 6d.

529 John Ginny: an important figure at the mines, about whom we have little information. He may have been an employee of John Winthrop, Jr., and was not an inhabitant of Springfield. He appears to have been Deines’ chief assistant in handling supples at Tantiusque.

530 Joseph Crowfoote was made a freeman at Springfield in 1672.

531 Jonas Westover: of Windsor in 1649; lived at Killingworth from 1658 to 1669.

532 Thomas Noble, originally at Springfield, moved to Westfield in 1669; in 1660 he married Hannah Warinar. He was a tailor for Pynchon.

533 This is the earliest item about the mines in the Account Books.

534 William Brooks of Springfield had eight sons and eight daughters, 1665–1679; two of his sons were killed by the Indians at Westfield in 1675. Later he moved to Deerfield. He was probably a tailor.

535 Edward Messenger resided in Windsor, Connecticut.

536 John Sackutt (Sackett) was presented at court in Springfield for allegedly selling strong waters to the Indians. See above, 16.

537 Edward Foster lived in Springfield, where he married Hester Bliss, who lived in John Pynchon’s family. A Scot who served the Pynchon family and later rented a farm from John Pynchon, he frequently worked as a farm laborer for him.

538 Elias Parkman lived in Windsor until he moved to Boston in 1648. He was a mariner and traded between Boston and the Connecticut River towns. He was lost at sea, probably in 1662, leaving a son, also named Elias.

539 Goodman Harmon was probably John Harmon, farmer, laborer, carter, and canoeman for Pynchon.

540 Goodman Barnard probably lived at Springfield.

541 William Branch: a freeman of Springfield who often served as a juror. A farmer, he also worked as a ditcher and carter for Pynchon, and in the late sixties was paid for “barbing [barbering] my folks” for one year by the merchant.

542 Charles ferrys: at the house of Charles Ferry of Springfield, weaver.

543 John Wood: one of several employed by John Pynchon, who should not be confused with Jonas Wood of Springfield.

544 Henry Burt: Clerk of the Writs at Springfield; he died in 1662. Four of his daughters married as follows: Hannah to John Bagg, Abigail to Thomas Stebbins, Mary to William Brookes, and Patience to John Bliss. This is an excellent example of rural intermarriage among leading families.

545 Simon Beamon, an inhabitant of Springfield, often served as a canoeman and messenger for John Pynchon.

546 In silver: this is one of the very few transactions in hard money to be found in the Account Books.

547 Daniel Cone came from Haddam, Connecticut, and worked for John Winthrop, Jr.

548 Hashoy meddow: a spoiled soil mixture or a hassocky meadow.

549 Alexander Edwards: a freeman and constable of Springfield.

550 Long meddow: the southern part of Springfield, later set aside as the town of Longmeadow.

551 Chickwallop was the principal chief of the Pocumtucks.

552 George Colton: a prosperous farmer and leading inhabitant of Springfield, captain of the trainband, quartermaster, deputy to the General Court in 1669 and thereafter.

553 William Lewis, Nathaniel Dickinson, and Nathaniel Ward were the town committee designated by Hadley to deal with John Pynchon.

554 Law bookes: these probably contained the laws of the colony of Massachusetts Bay and were for use by the town of Hadley.

555 The colors, staff, and tassels were for the Hadley trainband.

556 Umpancheal (Umpanchela): an Indian sachem dwelling adjacent to Hadley in the native village of Norwotuck (Norwattocke). He had an interesting account with John Pynchon that appears on pages 283–288.

557 The neck of Wequagon: that is, a neck of land belonging to Wequagon, chief of the Indians in the Hadley area, which the whites called Hockanum after the Connecticut town.

558 Most of the many persons named below were residents of Hadley; only the important ones are identified in these notes.

559 Thomas Coleman of Hadley was a freeman and on 26 March 1661 was chosen constable of “the New Towne.”

560 Mr. Terry may have been the Samuel Terry of Springfield, weaver, who was first apprenticed to William Pynchon, then to Benjamin Cooley of that town in 1650. John Pynchon paid his passage of £7 in the mid-sixties when Terry made a brief visit to England. He also worked as a carter and farm laborer for Pynchon.

561 These two men were John Russell, Jr., the son of the minister at Hadley, and Samuel Smith, who was a commissioner of the town in 1661.

562 Into Pinnace: a small vessel bound for Boston.

563 Thomas Hubbard joiner: probably a journeyman carpenter.

564 Mr Westwood: William Westwood, one of the commissioners of Hadley in 1661.

565 Wid Hawks: Widow Hawks of Hadley.

566 Mr. Russal: the Reverend John Russell, minister of Hadley.

567 Cornet Allys: later Lieutenant John Allis of the Hatfield trainband. He was an ancestor of the present Editor of Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts.

568 John Hubbard lived in Hadley.

569 Norwotog: Hadley.

570 Pmises: promises. This is the most detailed account with an Indian that the editor has found.

571 5 h: hand, a linear measure of three inches, hence this was a fifteen-inch strip of goods.

572 Parsons howse: this house was in Northampton.

573 Mr. Goodwin: of Hadley and often mentioned in the Account Books.

574 Being drunk: Pynchon must have been curious about the source of Unpanchela’s liquor.

575 Wequittay: could be in Hadley at Hockanum, on land owned or formerly belonging to Wequagon. See above, 278, note 1.

576 Scocue & knife: possibly a sheath and a knife.

577 Mr. Henry Clarke was apparently involved for the town of Hadley in land transactions with Pynchon.

578 Mr Sam Smith: a commissioner of Hadley.

579 Mr John Russell Junior: there is apparently some confusion here, for the “Pastor of Hadley,” and formerly of Wethersfield, was Mr. John Russell, Sr. Perhaps John Pynchon, who knew them both, made a slip in recording.

580 Mr Lewis of Hadley: William Lewis, a husbandman, who in 1661 had one servant.

581 Joseph Crowfoote: a farmer and laborer of Springfield who later on rented land from John Pynchon.

582 Chick R Mor: Chicopee River moorland.

583 Goodm Ely: Nathaniel Ely was a surveyor, carpenter, and ultimately a tavernkeeper at Springfield.

584 Ensigne Cooper: fur trader, farmer, and carpenter; selectman of Springfield for twenty terms. Killed in the Indian attack of 1676.

585 John Ponder: apparently a husbandman of “Woronoak” or Westfield.

586 Mr Whiting: Josiah Whiting of Westfield, Pynchon’s son-in-law.

587 Reice Bedortha: a farmer and often a messenger for John Pynchon. No date for this agreement is given, but the context suggests 1667.

588 To hold or Leand the Pasture: liened, the right to maintain possession of the property until the person detaining it is satisfied.

589 James Osborne: probably residing at Northampton.

590 Commons at Pacumtuck: Deerfield.

591 Intervale: a tract of land along the banks of a stream, ordinarily alluvial land.

592 From falling to finishing: that is, from the cutting down of the nearby trees to the making of needed lumber.

593 Joseph Lenerd: Leonard appears to have been a carpenter of Deerfield.

594 Mr Samll Mather: the minister at Deerfield.

595 Frary, Dickinson, and Stockwell were all residents of Deerfield.

596 Phillipe Mattoun: Matoone was an illiterate and contentious resident of Springfield. In 1679 he was bound by the court to keep the peace.

597 Pacomtuck meddow: Deerfield meadow. Cattle and sheep had to be grazed in separate fields because the sheep nibbled the grass so close to the ground that cattle could get none to chew.

598 Joshua Holcomb: of Deerfield.

599 Tho Wells: in 1686 commissioned lieutenant of the trainband at Deerfield.

600 Major Leverett: at this time John Leverett was Major General of the Massachusetts forces; later he was governor of the Bay Colony.

601 James Rogers of New London shared with John Pynchon in the ownership of land in that and adjacent towns. See Pynchon Papers, I, 40, 76, 77, 110 note 2.

602 Six Penny Island is off the mouth of the Mystic River, Connecticut, and is not to be confused with Six Mile Island near the mouth of the Connecticut River.

603 Amos Richardson lived in New London.

604 Stony River alias Suffield: Suffield, Connecticut, immediately south of the Connecticut-Massachusetts line on the west bank of the Connecticut River.

605 Goodman Marshfield of Springfield laid out Feather and High Streets at the center of the town.

606 Symon Lobdells: the following people came from nearby river towns in both Massachusetts and Connecticut. Whether they were settlers or merely acquiring land for resale is not clear.

607 Leiut Fyler: Walter Fyler was prominent at Springfield.

608 The record of the remaining purchases appears under each person’s individual account.

609 Isaac Morgan was a farmer who rented land in Springfield from John Pynchon. This agreement not only reveals how Pynchon rented his land, but is full of information for the historian of agriculture in early New England.

610 Sixty load of dung: this is a very large quantity. Manuring the soil with cow dung was not widely practiced this early on either small holdings or large ones.

611 To Bogg: an unrecorded usage, meaning to drain a bog or marsh with a view to raising hay on it.

612 Candlewood: a resinous wood, often pine, split fine for burning as a candle.

613 For cutting 2 Calfes: castrating or gelding calves destined to become oxen.

614 Triming: Trimming is no longer used in this way. Here it may possibly mean clipped.

615 Sam Marshfield served thirteen terms at Springfield as a selectman, and three times as deputy to the General Court.

616 Schonunganock: in the town of Enfield.

617 Nearly every man in Springfield who possessed a suitable skill worked on the Meetinghouse and House of Correction. Marshfield’s work as a joiner who made seats and tables is a case in point.

618 John Clarke was a farmer and carter of Springfield.

619 Sam Bewell: Goodman Samuel Buell received diet money and probably came from out of town.

620 John Lumbard was a farmer and laborer of Springfield.

621 John Allys: Lieutenant John Allis of Hatfield in all probability.

622 Mr John Gilbert: a glazier, but not of Springfield.

623 Joseph Bedortha was owner of one-fifth of a Springfield sawmill.

624 Jeremy Horton: a glazier of Springfield.

625 1 M of Bords: one thousand feet of boards.

626 Timothy Trawle: evidently an outsider who came to work on the meeting-house at Springfield. He was allowed diet, like Buell.

627 James Wright: probably Deacon Wright, and not to be confused with Lieutenant Abell Wright, also of Springfield.

628 John Stebbins: farmer and laborer of Springfield. In 1667 he shingled Mr. Joseph Whiting’s house at Westfield.

629 Rowld Thomas: Roland Thomas was a carter, a laborer, and three times a selectman of Springfield.

630 Miles Morgan: of Welsh birth, a farmer, a carter, and five times a selectman of Springfield.

631 Nathanell Ely: Nathaniel Ely was much used by John Pynchon as a carter and general laborer. Here he is providing diet for a sawyer from out of town.

632 1 d: one day.

633 It is not clear whether bricks were being burned in Springfield at this time. Simon Lobdell probably procured his bricks from Northampton.

634 Sam Ball may have lived at Northampton at this time. In any event, he supplied 3300 bricks for the House of Correction chimney. Round Hill was in Northampton.

635 These carpenters had been brought in from other communities under some form of contract.

636 This is the largest number of bricks reported to date in New England. The clay of Northampton was apparently the most suitable for burning bricks, which must have been carried down to Springfield in long dugout canoes.

637 Pavements: flat bricks or tiles.

638 2811: £28 11s.

639 Thirteene hundred & halfe: 1350 shingles.

640 The marke of: throughout these accounts it is remarkable how few men had to make their marks.

641 He had to hard a bargain: too hard a bargain.

642 To joint them: this usage is not clear. Joint would not mean to hang shingles. Possibly jointing meant to fit them or put them together for hanging or shingling.

643 G fyler: Goodman Walter Fyler was later a lieutenant in the trainband of Springfield. The context here suggests that a cowle was a tub with two ears for carrying water.

644 Sam Grant probably came from some other town inasmuch as he was paid for diet “bef winter” (before winter [see below, 338]).

645 Shi: shingle. Wise: an error for wide.

646 old ho: old house.

647 Rich Sikes: a farmer of Springfield who also worked as a carpenter.

648 Rearing the house: Pynchon’s new brick house was being joined to his old frame structure. Rearing suggests a frame for the brick building, which is not at all clear.

649 By underpinning, Pynchon means foundation, and it is interesting to learn that the stone foundation was daubed to keep out the cold.

650 Goodm Griswold was Edward Griswold, who was brought in from Windsor, Connecticut, for the stone and brick work.

651 See also the agreement between Sam Buell and Timothy Trawle to hew timber for New House and House of Correction further down the page in the original manuscript. This is excerpted in material for the House of Correction.

652 Goodman Bascomb: Thomas Bascomb of Northampton, where he took the oath of fidelity in 1661.

653 John Lamb: a farmer and laborer of Springfield.

654 The pump: at this time there were very few pumps in New England. This one may have been an inside pump, an even greater rarity.

655 Ground selling: groundsills.

656 Thomas Miller does not appear to have been a resident of Springfield. First and last a considerable number of outside artisans were employed by Pynchon.

657 Thomas Gilbert: freeman and selectman of Springfield and apparently a competent glazier. “Mr John Gilbert,” above, may have been a relative from another town. Certainly he was not the indigent John Gilbert listed by Innes, Springfield, 234.

658 Thomas Barber, a carpenter or housewright and sergeant in the Springfield trainband, later lived in Suffield, where he died about 1690. Many an English barn had a lean-to, either in the rear or at one end. See plate 1 in Carl Bridenbaugh, Fat Mutton and Liberty of Conscience (Providence, 1974), facing p. 40.

659 Eves: eaves.

660 Pitch fork steels: the prongs of the fork.

661 2 oven Ids: oven lids.

662 Possibly a wooden mallet for beating linen.

663 David Morgan: a carpenter of Springfield.

664 Ptition: partition.

665 John Hodge: probably lived in Suffield, as he did in 1684. In 1679 he had land in Westfield.

666 Samson Frary: Frary probably lived in Hatfield and served as a go-between in the following contract.

667 The fact that John Pynchon was building a new warehouse at the falls of the Connecticut in 1685 indicates that his trade was still important. The small dimensions of the new warehouse, the cellar with an entrance from outside, and the lean-to are noteworthy features of the proposed structure.

668 Mr. Sam Gaines may have lived in Suffield; he was not an inhabitant of Springfield. On the other hand, he may have been an itinerant millwright, one who understood “the Rules of art” and the “effecting of good mils.”

669 John Baker was not from Springfield, as far as is known. Because of his many ventures in building, John Pynchon acquired a very good knowledge of who were the best and most reliable workmen.

670 Joseph Leanord: a carpenter and laborer of Springfield whom Pynchon employed frequently.

671 Saw mill failing: during dry spells many mills had to shut down.

672 Mr Glover: The Reverend Peletiah Glover was the minister at Springfield; he had a son of the same name. Mr. Glover was one of John Pynchon’s best customers, as the accounts show.

673 Skillet: a cooking utensil having three or four feet and a long handle.

674 My Rate: this rate was set by the town for the support of the minister and, as indicated here, was almost always paid in kind, money being scarce at Springfield.

675 1 pr Bodys: a pair of bodices, e.g., corsets or stays.

676 Sack of old: probably “old” means a long time since.

677 Leift Bull: Lieutenant Bull.

678 Michelstide: September 29 (Michaelmas) old style. In England it was a quarter day, as it apparently was at Springfield.

679 Cradle: here cradle is child’s furniture.

680 Coll fustian silke: colored fustian silk. The use of “fustion” and “silke” together is confusing. See glossary of cloth terms.

681 Duff tayls: dovetails or fitted joints.

682 Glasering: glazier’s work, usually windows at this time.

683 Diascord: a preparation made of the dried leaves of scordium and many other herbs.

684 Annisees: aniseed was much used for its carminative and aromatic properties.

685 Clapses: clasps.

686 Gimbit: at Springfield gimlets were used to bore holes in wampum beads.

687 Home Booke gilt: a leaf of paper containing the alphabet and other elementary matter protected by a thin plate of translucent horn and mounted on a tablet of wood with a handle. In this case the letters must have been gilded. The hornbook was a New England child’s first schoolbook.

688 Leiut Wilton: Lieutenant David Wilton of Northampton. See Pynchon Papers, I, 51 note 2.

689 John Pondo: Pondo or Ponder of Westfield.

690 Clearge: clearage or the action of clearing.

691 2 chatechises: probably the Westminster catechism.

692 Gimp lace: gimp is the coarser thread in lace.

693 Lopeing: looping.

694 25 slabs: slabs covered with bark, the refuse from sawing boards, which, it is important to note here, were used and not merely burnt as trash.

695 Currence: currants.

696 Jos Griswold: Joseph Griswold lived in Windsor.

697 Peckled callico: may mean speckled calico, that is, the printed cotton cloth from the East.

698 Knife to Pel: to the minister’s son Peletiah (Jr.).

699 My Estate . . . 573 li: this was the assessed value for the tax rate of Springfield; the actual value was undoubtedly greater.

700 Wid Parsons: Widow Parsons, probably the relict of Joseph Parsons of Northampton, one of Pynchon’s principal traders.

701 Other accounts for Mr. Peletiah Glover may be found in the Account Books, 11, 2; v, part 1, 6–9; and v, part 2, 358 and 359.

702 Jhon Mathew’s wife conducted a Dame school in springfiled. The editor knows of no other records of this kind

703 Mris Warham: probably a widow conducting a Dame School

704 Mary Pynchons Tabling: may have been an early instance of school lunches. At this time Mary was about thirteen years old.

705 Mr John Richards: here again, the schoolmaster is paid in kind for the greater part of his salary.

706 Vomit: an emetic.

707 Mr Cunningham: Mr. Patrick Cunningham died in 1687. He had been a merchant and competitor of John Pynchon.

708 Doctor Daniel Denton. These accounts add considerably to the little that is known about this prominent New Yorker who, in 1670, wrote and published at London a Brief Description of New-York—the first work in English relating to this province. Denton (1644–1686) spent much of his life at Jamaica, Long Island. While he was in England on business in 1672, back at Jamaica his wife proved unfaithful to him. This led to a divorce in 1672 when she confessed to adultery. For a number of years Denton’s life was disrupted. He left Long Island and in 1673 was a magistrate of Piscataway in West New Jersey. By August 1675 or earlier, he had gone to Springfield, where on 24 April 1676 he married Hannah, the daughter of John Leonard, a substantial farmer of that place.

709 What follows indicates that about August 1675 Dr. Denton went to Springfield under contract with the colony of Massachusetts Bay to care for the sick and wounded of King Philip’s War. He rented land and a cow from John Pynchon. Staying on at Springfield after the end of hostilities, he may have served as a schoolmaster as well as a physician. In 1678 he took the oath of allegiance as ordered by the General Court, and in September 1680 John Pynchon swore him as a freeman and he was admitted. In 1684 he called himself as of Westfield, but by 1686 he had been readmitted an inhabitant of Jamaica. The rest is silence.

710 Med behind the Hill: meadow behind the hill.

711 The Connecticut River and its tributaries contained an abundance of shad, salmon, bass, and other fish long used as food by the Indians. Curiously, for over a century after the first settlement shad was looked upon as the food for poor men who did not have any salt pork.

712 The remaining accounts of Dr. Denton may be found in the Account Books, v, part 2, 472–473, and vi, 56 and 57.

713 John Stewart: the Springfield blacksmith. See Pynchon Papers, I, 21 note 2.

714 G. lankton: Goodman Langton.

715 Beck Iron: a smoothing iron with a cavity to contain coals; scrue plate: a screw plate was a hardened steel plate for cutting the threads of small screws by means of drilled and tapped holes of various diameters.

716 Unseasonable night meetings: John Stewart was fined for card playing at his house in 1662. On several other occasions he was hauled into court, as in 1660, when he was fined for striking William Morgan and breaking his nose!

717 My Mill: Pynchon’s mill at Quabaug (Brookfield), Massachusetts.

718 Thrid Butts: thread buttons? The remainder of John Stewart’s accounts through 1689 may be found in the Account Books, 11, 46–47 and 282–283; v, part I, 90–91; and v, part 2, 406–407.

719 John Artsell: a Dutch carpenter whom Pynchon hired to construct a mill.

720 Toles from Albany: tools from Albany. There was evidently much more intercourse between the English of the Connecticut Valley and the Dutch at Albany than formerly thought, as this and other evidence attest.

721 Adam vroman: Adam Vroman, a Dutch workman.

722 Squakeake: Northfield, Massachusetts.

723 Snick: a kind of hammer.

724 Ribet: a plane to make grooves.

725 Stony River or Stony Brook (as above) in 1660; in 1664, Suffield, Connecticut.

726 Somt: sometimes.

727 cariage: a carriage converying a log into the saw at a sawmill.

728 Thomas Noble: a tailor used by the Pynchons as both an artisan and a laborer.

729 Pen knives: small knives kept in the pocket for making and sharpening pen quills. At this time the knife was provided with a sheath instead of a jointed blade or blades.

730 It is surprising that shoemakers’ lasts are found on the frontier. They probably were imported from England and probably there was but one last to a size.

731 Ppnt: may mean pint, the pp indicating a capital P.

732 Stucking silk: stocking silk, which suggests silk stockings in the wilderness!

733 Make into Coates: at 18s. a dozen, these must have been simple and hastily made coats of Indian cloth sewn by Thomas Noble at Springfield.

734 Swead: swede.

735 Tramells: trammel, an adjustable pot hook used with a crane.

736 Being a Trop: being a trooper. Evidently Noble owned a horse and belonged to the Springfield cavalry commanded in person by John Pynchon.

737 Light hog: lightweight hog.

738 The “friendship and bounty of New England” in providing £1200 sterling worth of provisions for the fleet before Nevis in 1667 was a striking example of intercolonial cooperation. Noble’s small contribution of three bushels of corn suggests that a great many people shared modestly in the relief effort.

739 Serjant Stebbins: Thomas Stebbins was a tailor who worked in both cloth and leather for the Pynchons. He was also a farmer and later on a lieutenant of the trainband of Springfield.

740 John Barber: a sackmaker who made twenty-five bags for John Pynchon in 1669 and, as noted here, made leather breeches. This is the only instance of oiled breeches that the editor has come across: oiling probably made the breeches warmer, as well as more pliable.

741 John Web the brasier: Webb lived first in Springfield, then at Hadley. He was a somewhat litigious person.

742 Forbearance was a charge made for refraining from collecting a debt when it was due.

743 Usually braziers mended pots and pans for colonial housekeepers, in this case for Madam Pynchon.

744 Current Bever: the present price in New England money probably, not in sterling.

745 Gad Steele: a bar or ingot of steel.

746 The Cort: the Hampshire County Court was not established until 1662, so this must have been the local Springfield Court.

747 John Norton of Boston went to Springfield as a soldier during King Philip’s War and remained there permanently. He married Lydia Bliss in 1678. By trade he was a tanner and shoemaker. A habitual drunkard, he was frequently fined for drunken behavior and lasciviousness.

748 It is clear that the shoes, particularly for women, of the seventeenth century were much less sturdy than those made today.

749 Most people were smaller in the seventeenth century than their descendants, and it is curious that shoe sizes for men were commonly 10–12 and for women 6–8. Either the New Englanders had larger feet or the scale of measurement was different from ours. This entry and the following seem to indicate that men, as well as their wives, wore French heels in frontier Springfield!

750 His wifes debts: John Norton was legally responsible for Lydia’s debts because all she possessed passed to him when they married.

751 Up leather: for making shoe uppers.

752 John Pynchon, Jr., acted as his father’s agent in Boston for some years, before returning to Springfield. See Section xiii of this work for selections from his Account Book; also Pynchon Papers, I, 36 note.

753 The Branch may mean the division or subdivision of the company located in Boston and presided over by John Pynchon, Jr.

754 Bena Parsons: Benjamin Parsons was a freeman and selectman of Springfield.

755 Jonathans warehouse: the Gilbert warehouse in Hartford.

756 My chamb: the colonists frequently kept wheat and other grains in upstairs bed chambers, where rodents were less likely to get at them.

757 Abord the vessel: probably a West Indies venture in which the elder Pynchon had an interest.

758 The Colledge: a gift of forty shillings John Pynchon, Jr., was making to Harvard College.

759 Goodman Dumbleton rented land in Chicopee from Pynchon and frequently worked for him.

760 Hugh Dudly: Dudley and probably his wife came from Barnet, near London, and on 29 April 1650 he covenanted with William Pynchon to serve him for five years. Pynchon turned him over to Henry Smith.

761 Whether King Philip’s War interfered with the building of this warehouse or not, these accounts provide no evidence of the structure having been completed.

762 Mr Winthrop of Pequet: John Winthrop, Jr., of Pequot or New London. See Pynchon Papers, I, passim.

763 G Calkin: probably David Caulkins of New London, who settled at Norwich in 1660, where he died in 1690 at the age of ninety.

764 For more about this horse, see Pynchon Papers, I, 17, 19, 20.

765 Oxen by Symon: Simon Beaman was first a servant of the Pynchons, then a boatman, courier, and carter; in 1655 he made at least seven voyages down the Connecticut to the falls for John Pynchon.

766 Mr Whiting: Josiah Whiting of Westfield married John Pynchon’s daughter Mary.

767 “Got linnen” may have been a fabric half of cotton and half of linen thread.

768 For stubbing: Jared Eliot stated in his Essays on Field Husbandry that Rhode Islanders, unlike Connecticut farmers, did not consider it necessary to “stubb all Staddle” (grub out small trees) when they cleared land. Evidently the Connecticut practice prevailed at Westfield.

769 Rubstons: a kind of whetstone for sharpening scythes and sickles.

770 Trading Goods: this account indicates that Whiting was trading for furs at Westfield with goods advanced by his father-in-law.

771 Edmund Pringridays: could be a brave attempt to spell Prendergast.

772 Rowld Thomas: Rowland Thomas, a carter and selectman of Springfield.

773 “Stonning the cellar” suggests a dry wall rather than masonry. Many old New England farmhouses had cellar walls of large stones fitted without any mortar.

774 Goodman Moseley of Windsor, Connecticut.

775 The little house: a back house or privy.

776 Several of the inhabitants of Springfield strung wampum for John Pynchon.

777 This item reveals John Pynchon’s essential fair dealing.

778 Goodm Billing: Samuel Billing lived at Hatfield in 1671.

779 John Scot was a farmer of Springfield who rented land from John Pynchon, and not the notorious John Scott of Long Island.

780 “my Daughter”: Mary, the crippled daughter. £500–600 was a very large dowry for New England at this time. See Pynchon Papers, I, 12, 48.

781 Hartford . . . Taylers: although there were tailors at Springfield, those of the Connecticut metropolis apparently better suited John Pynchon’s taste.

782 Qter Mr Woodward: a quarterly statement for Henry Woodward of Northampton, treasurer of Hampshire County, Massachusetts.

783 Court at N: Northampton.

784 Spr: Springfield

785 2 fad match: 2 fathoms of match, slow-burning tow used in firing matchlock guns.

786 My Sevts: my servants.

787 Da Burt: David Burt of Northampton.

788 Hadly schole: this was the town school of Hadley, which was conducted by Caleb Watson (Harvard College, 1661), and not the Hopkins Bequest school.

789 Drum . . . Cords: cords for holding and tightening the drum head.

790 Red wine: sacramental wine for Holy Communion; John Pynchon imported it from overseas.

791 To 2 doz Points: laces to attach hose to a doublet.

792 This attack should be added to the Chronology in Pynchon Papers, I, xxiv; see also I, 184–197.

793 John Pynchon was still the major military figure in the Connecticut Valley, as this prompt action in sending out posts indicates.

794 3 of Cones: three of Connecticut’s soldiers, who had been stationed at Northfield.

795 Munn went to Hadley to bring back the horses that Biggie’s soldiers rode there and submits charges for himself and horse.

796 John Henryson was a stocking-knitter of Springfield.

797 Henry Curtis died in Northampton in 1661.

798 John Paine was a Boston merchant. See Miss Mclntyre’s essay in this volume, above, page 64–66.

799 Marking Iron: branding iron.

800 The line: the boundary between Connecticut and Massachusetts was being determined by Pynchon and others.

801 For Morgan and Dunnage, see Miss Mclntyre’s essay, above, 65.

802 Stele Bills: a military weapon consisting of a long staff, terminating in a hookshaped blade usually with a pike. These bills were obviously for use by the trainbands in the current King Philip’s War, during which they were found to be useless and were discarded.

803 Sam Marshfield was the best interpreter of Indian dialects in the Valley, and of great aid to Pynchon in everything pertaining to Indians. He was a selectman of Springfield thirteen times and three times a deputy to the General Court.

804 This sentence should read: “one wolf from the Indian Squaw [to] Goodman Marshfield, or our number 13” (on which Springfield paid bounties).

805 Here once more is a good illustration of how news traveled and also of Pynchon’s prompt attention to military matters. See Pynchon Papers, I, 26 note, 114–116.

806 G G Letters: letters of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay.

807 Ensigne onstad: Samuel Olmstead of Springfield.

808 Mr Sanders: Robert Sanders of Albany, with whom John Pynchon dealt during the present trip.

809 A bit was the equivalent of a Spanish real or 12½ cents (two bits=25 cents=1 shilling). In Springfield a bit passed as 8 pence. Captain Andrew Belcher of Boston, who had been in Albany with John Pynchon, would accept Sanders’ bits at only 6 pence, which Pynchon reluctantly agreed to, as indicated below.

810 There being no satisfactory English school at Albany, Pynchon agreed to board the son and send him to school at Springfield.

811 Mr Moxon: the Reverend George Moxon, first minister at Springfield.

812 Robert Ashly: Robert Ashley was a selectman of Springfield ten times; by occupation he was a farmer, sawyer, and glazier.

813 Quarrys of old glass: square or oblong panes of glass.

814 Burning glasses: lenses.

815 Thomas Wats: Goodman Watts lived in Springfield.

816 David Wilton: a fur trader at Northampton, also an ensign and then lieutenant in the trainband.

817 Casemts: casements were window frames hung on hinges so as to swing vertically.

818 Rich waite: Richard Waite, a servant whom John Pynchon transferred to Benjamin Parsons.

819 Pm: promised.

820 Druget: drogget was stuff either all wool, half-wool, half-silk, or half-linen used for wearing apparel.

821 James Taylor, a servant to John Pynchon, became a freeman in 1664. He was landless and worked as a wage laborer.

822 G Joans: Goodman Griffith Jones probably.

823 Hacklitton: Francis Hacklinton, brickmaker, of Northampton.

824 Fris: Francis Pepper.

825 He fanned: wheat was spread on the barn floor and fanned to get rid of the chaff.

826 John Earle took the oath of fidelity at Springfield in 1656. He worked for John Pynchon in 1661 as a wage laborer.

827 Bl sow: black sow.

828 When he went down the fales: that is, down the falls to Enfield, Connecticut.

829 Fresh water River: Enfield.

830 Elizabeth Waite: probably the daughter of Richard Waite of Springfield.

831 The fact that her “consent” to serve Ely had been required indicates that Elizabeth was a wage servant of John Pynchon’s just as were many other New England girls who went into service to learn managing households.

832 Richard Waite, having been a servant for a long time, may have been an orphan bound out to service until he came of age.

833 Tho Day: a cobbler and shoemaker who worked for the entire Pynchon family.

834 Scabberd: sword scabbards were generally made of leather stretched over a metal frame.

835 Jacob the Dutch lad came from Albany. For some unknown reason John Pynchon allowed him to attend the election at Hartford. His last name does not appear in the Pynchon Accounts.

836 A ride to Albany from Springfield would have been mostly along a path, as there was no cart road. The distance was about ninety-two miles.

837 Mindwell Old may have been the daughter of Robert Old of Westfield. She was a wage servant and testified to the very early appearance of the servant problem in New England.

838 Told he shee: told her [that] she.

839 West out: went out.

840 His & his wifes freedome: in the Records of the County Court of Hampshire, 313, for 1 December 1687, in John Pynchon’s handwriting is: “Roco and Sue my Negroes, Joined in Marriage.” The payments mentioned below are large and may indicate that they were buying freedom from slavery, although indentured servitude for a set period cannot be ruled out.

841 The mke of Richard Blackleech the Negro Dick: Dick seems to have been Blackleach’s illiterate servant or slave. The Blackleaches were prominent in Hartford, John being a ship’s captain in the West Indies trade in 1671.

842 For the Boy: an orphan to be apprenticed until of age.

843 Aquilla Barber would have been fortunate in being apprenticed to John Pynchon, for there was an opportunity to be given elementary schooling as well as instruction in some kind of trade or craft; but his mother took him back shortly.

844 Because an indenture of apprenticeship usually called for the master to give the apprentice at the completion of his service a new suit of clothes, a careful record was kept of what he was wearing when he left. Unfortunately this entry is undated.

845 Ireland: this voyage is the first transatlantic venture by the Pynchons mentioned in these accounts. New England and Ireland had very few connections throughout the seventeenth century.

846 N fond land: a phonetic spelling of the pronunciation favored in the island today: nu-fun-land.

847 Rumbo: a strong rum punch.

848 Bro Hub: John Pynchon, Jr.’s brother-in-law, John Hubbard.

849 Mr Payn: John Paine of Boston.

850 The Barbados: Portuguese, las barbadas (bearded), referring to the Indian fig tree growing on the island.

851 Mr Hull: John Hull, mintmaster and a leading merchant of Boston.

852 The Briganteen: a small sailing ship.

853 For trimming the Water Caske: stowing the water cask securely and upright in the hold of a vessel.

854 Tear: tare, the weight deducted from the gross weight to ascertain the net weight.

855 Tolling the horses: dropping or lowering horses into a lighter.

856 Butts: casks.

857 Two Bales: bales of cotton.

858 Mr. John Wickins was a merchant of London with whom John Pynchon dealt. See Pynchon Papers, I, index, s.v. John Wickins.

859 Consigned to Mr: consigned to the master.

860 Mr Usher: John Usher, a principal merchant of Boston.

861 Mr Davis: Captain William Davis.

862 To Bondish: Bowditch (?), master of a ship sailing out of Boston.

863 Mr Shrimpton: Samuel Shrimpton, one of the richest merchants at Boston.

864 Mead: William Mead, a Quaker merchant of London, best known for being tried at Old Bailey with William Penn in 1670. See Pynchon Papers, I, 86 note.

865 Sir Wm: Sir William Peake, merchant of London in colonial trade.

866 Freight & Gust: freight and customs. On these London merchants, see Miss McIntyre’s introduction to the fur trade in this volume, above 45–46.

867 Merywoather: Edward Meri wether of London, a merchant who dealt with the Pynchons.

868 Beave from yorke: probably beaver from New York.