Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Adams, Abraham, 162
Adams, Samuel, 137–38, 141, 152
African Americans, 96, 99, 100
American Builders Companion (Benjamin), 117, 117
The American Physitian (Hughes), 84
American Revolution: Boston, occupation of, 138–39, 250; circular letter, 137, 145; and communion silver, trends in, 117–18, 120–21, 259; meetinghouse and church architecture, trends in, 120–24, 258–59; revolutionary organizations, 142, 171–72 (see also Sons of Liberty); 1768, events of, 135, 137–39, 144–45
Ames, Nathaniel, 33
Andrews, John, 247
Anglican churches, 121–24, 128, 129–30
Apthorp Morton, Sarah Wentworth, 172
Arbuckle, James, 50
architecture: Boston, late 17th-/early 18th-century, 75–76; meetinghouse and church, 115–17, 116, 117, 120–24, 122, 258–59
Auchmuty, Robert, 71
Avery, John, 173
Badger, Thomas, 162
Balch, Nathaniel, 162
Ball, John, 249
baptismal basins: acquisition of, 119, 128; Dummer, Jeremiah, 192, 193; Garthorne, Francis, 120, 120; Hurd, Jacob, 5, 6
Baptists, 99–100
Barnard, Jane, 61
Barrell, Joseph, medal, 160–62, 161
Barrett, Joseph, 162
Barry, Samuel, 163
Bartlett, Anna Hurd, 246
Bartlett, Benjamin D., 262
Bartlett, John, 194
Bartlett, Josiah, 247, 248, 249, 254
Bartlett, Polly Barrett, 248
Bartlett, Roger, 246
Bartlett, Samuel, 246–66; as apprentice, 247–48; in Cambridge, 261–63; cann, 254, 256; communion silver, 249–53, 251, 253, 256–58, 257, 258; Concord, move to, 248–49; Concord silver business, 249, 252, 253–54; creampot, 254, 256; estate inventory, 262; flagons, 250–53, 251, 257, 258, 258; mark paired with other makers, 254; and Samuel Minott, 248, 254; at North Writing School, 246–47; porringer, 254, 256; in public office, 259–61; and the Revolution, effect of, 248, 250, 252; salts, 254, 256; and Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61; and the Social Circle, 249, 260; spoons, 254, 255; strainer, 254, 256; tankard, 252–53, 253; wife of, 248, 261
beakers, 118, 120; Gardner, John, 125, 126; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237, 237
beauty, ideas of, 3–5
Beauty and Sensibility (Delattre), 4
Belcher, Gilbert, 10
Bentley, William, 200
beverage services, 155, 157, 158, 158, 174, 175, 231–32
Bickham, George, Jr., 23, 24, 29, 31, 33
bird motif, 31
Blanchard, Joshua, 162
Blome, Richard, 22
Boardman, William, 173
bodkins, 223
Bortman, Mark, 148
Boston, Mass.: architecture and decorative arts, late 17th-/early 18th-century, 75–79; occupation of, 138–39, 250; taverns, 140–41, 171–72; The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . (Revere), 138, 138; A View of Castle William By Boston in New England, 38, 39
Bower, George, medal, 228–29, 229
Boydell, Hannah, 80
Boyer, Daniel, 237
Bradford, Gamaliel, 166
Bragdon, Jeremiah, 236
Brailsford, Norton, 168
Brattle, William, 192
Brattle Street Church (Boston, Mass.), 128–29
Brenton, Benjamin, snuffbox, 56, 57
Brigden, Zachariah, 254; career, 154, 155; chocolate pots, 73, 74, 75; two-handled communion cup, 101, 102
Brown, Gawen, Jr., 247
Brown, Joseph Lasinby, 248, 249, 254
Browne, Samuel, 186–87
Browne cup, Harvard, 184, 186–87, 187, 201, 203, 205
buffing/polishing, 4
Buhler, Kathryn C., 184
bullion, 1, 2. See also coinage
Burgis, William, 37
Burke, Edmund, 4
Burt, Benjamin, 154–55, 159, 232, 248
Burt, John: Browne cup, Harvard, 184, 186–87, 187, 201, 203, 205; candlesticks, 192, 194; tankard, 9, 227, 227
Butler, John, 213
Butler, Moses, 235
Byles, Mather, 33
Cabot, Nancy Graves, 24
Callendar, Joseph, medal, 161, 161
Callender, William, 163
candlesticks, 78; Burt, John, 192, 194; Coney, John, 193, 195
cane heads, 223
canns: Bartlett, Samuel, 254, 256; Boyer, Daniel, 237; as communion silver, 118, 120, 237; Hurd, Jacob, 4, 5; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175, 194, 197; unknown maker, Maine, 220, 220
Carnes, Burrell and Anne Zeagers, 158
Carson, Cary, 84
Casey, Samuel, 10
caudle cups, 118, 119, 257, 258
Un Cavelier et une Dame beuvant du chocolat (Bonnard), 81, 81
Central Part of Concord, Massachusetts (Barber), 259, 259
The Chace (Baron/Wootton), 24, 25
Chadbourne (Humphrey) Farm (Godsoe), 217, 218
Chandler, Joseph, 259
Chandler family needlework picture, 30, 30
Charnelhouse, William, chocolate pot, 73, 74
chasing, rococo, 19–43; courtship and sexual pursuit motif, 19, 27–32, 28, 32 (see also sexual pursuit motif); horsemanship motifs, 19, 24–27, 26; hunt scenes, 19, 20–24, 21, 22; military scenes, 19, 32–38, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39; pastoral landscapes, 19, 27, 27; shipping scenes, 36, 36–37
chasing technique, 20
Chauncey, Isaac, 100, 103, 104
chest-on-chest, Warland family, 77, 78
chocolate drinking, 61–63, 65, 80–84
chocolate pots, 61–88; Brigden, Zachariah, 73, 74, 75; Coney, John, 66, 66–68, 69; design of, 65; English pieces, 67, 67–68, 68, 73, 74; numbers of, 65, 79; Oliver, Peter, 71, 71, 79; as status symbols, 65–66; Webb, Edward, 71–73, 72; Winslow, Edward, 69–71, 70
Christ Church (Lancaster County, Va.), 122, 122
church silver. See baptismal basins; communion silver
Clark, Grahame, 214
Clark-Frankland house, 76
Coates, Thomas and Beulah Jacquett, 71
coats of arms: Auchmuty family, 71; on Maine silver, 219–20, 220; Pepperrell grace cup, 226; Storer chocolate pot, 73, 74; on tobacco box, John Coney, 52, 53, Vassall creampot, 36
Cocks, Josiah, 232
coffeepots: compared to chocolate pots, 65; numbers of, 83; Revere, Paul, Jr., 158, 158, 174, 175
Cogswell, Emerson, 249
coinage, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Collins (Collings), Ezra, 167
Colman, Benjamin, 33
Colt Walker, Lucretia, 94, 101
Committees of Correspondence, 171
communion ritual: denominational differences in, 119–20, 129–30; described, 101, 103; open, 100–101, 103–4
communion silver: acquisition patterns, 118–19, 125–28; in Anglican churches, 128, 129–30; Bartlett, Samuel, 249–53, 251, 253, 256–58, 257, 258; beakers, 118, 120, 125, 126, 236, 237, 237; Brigden, Zachariah, 101, 102; canns, 118, 120; caudle cups, 118, 119, 257, 258; chalice (beaker), 125, 126; Coney, John, 258; denominational differences, 5, 119–20; denominational uniformity, 118, 129–30; and divinity, association with, 4–5; Dixwell, John, 101, 101; donations of, 91, 93–95, 101, 118, 235, 237; Edwards, John, 5, 6; English, 94, 94, 95, 101, 102, 120, 120; flagons (see flagons); Fletcher and Gardiner, 91, 92, 93, 93; forms used, listed, 118–19, 127–28; function in communion ritual, 101, 103, 118, 120; Gardner, John, 125, 126; Gorham, Miles, 125, 127; Garthorne, Francis, 120, 120; Hull and Sanderson, 5, 6, 113–14, 114; Maine congregations, 235–37, 237; melting down, 113–15, 125, 126, 127, 128; mixed vs. matching sets, 118, 125, 128, 129–30; post-Revolutionary trends in, 117–18, 120–21; and social class, 91, 93–94, 100–101, 118; standing cups, 118, 120; as status symbol, 91, 93–94, 118, 235, 237; tankards, 118, 120, 235–36, 237, 237, 252–53, 253; tunn, 5, 6; two-handled cups (see two-handled communion cups); wine cups, 5, 6, 113–14, 114. See also baptismal basins
The Complete Gentleman (Peacham), 46
Concord, Mass., 259; market for silver in, 249, 252, 254; and Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61; views of, 252, 252, 259, 259
Coney, John: candlesticks, 78, 193, 195; chocolate pots, 66, 66–68, 69; communion caudle cups, 258; covered cups, 183, 186, 186, 193, 195; monteith, 78; Stoughton cup, Harvard, 183, 186, 186, 201, 203, 205; sugar box, 78, 78–79; teapot, 83; tobacco box engraving, 52, 53
Congregational Church (Springfield, Mass.), 128
Congregationalism, diversity in, 99–100. See also communion ritual; meetinghouse and church architecture
consumerism, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Cooke, Edward S., Jr., 78
Copley, John Singleton: friendship with Revere, 139; patronage, sources of, 173–74; Revere, portrait of, 135, 136, 139–40, 140, 149; Joseph Warren, portrait of, 147, 147
Corey, William and Mary Aiken, 24
corporate plate, Harvard, 184–87
counterfeiters, 10–11
courtship scenes. See sexual pursuit motif
covered cups, 187; Burt, John, 184, 186–87, 187; Coney, John, 183, 186, 186, 193, 195; Loring, Joseph, 129, 129
Cox, Nicholas, 22
La crainte (Leprince), 81–82, 83
creamers, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 174, 175, 232
creampots: Bartlett, Samuel, 254, 256; Edwards, Thomas, 20, 21, 24, 29–30; Hurd, Jacob, equestrian/landscape scenes, 24–27, 26, 27; Hurd, Jacob, military scenes, 37, 37–38, 38, 39; Hurd, Jacob, shipping scene, 36, 36–37; Simpkins, William, 32–36, 34, 35
Crosby, Daniel, 162
Cross, Joseph, 213
Cuming, John, 256
Cummings, Abbott Lowell, 76
currency, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Cutts, Dorcus, 233–34
Cutts, Robert, 213
Dalton, Tristram, 164
Dane, Thomas, snuffbox, 31–32, 52
Danforth, Samuel, 174
Deane, Samuel, 237
Deering family chocolate pot, 73
Delattre, Roland, 4
Dennie, Thomas, 160
Denny, William, monteith, 72, 73
desk and bookcase, Avery, 77, 78
Dickinson, John, 144–45
Dighton, Isaac, chocolate pot, 67, 67–68
Dixwell, John: patch box, 52, 53; two-handled communion cup, 101, 101
Dolbear, Sarah, 27
Dorr, Harbottle, 145–46
Dow, Samuel, 163
Downes, William and Elizabeth Edwards, 68
Dummer, Jeremiah, 68; basin, 192, 193
Dunster, Henry, 185
Edwards, Sarah Pierpont, 1, 52
Edwards, Thomas, creampot, 20, 21, 24, 29–30
Eliot, Andrew, 199
embroidered pictures, 24, 25, 27, 30, 30
Emmons, Thomas, 163
English influence: homes and furnishings, 75–78; meetinghouses and churches, 115; needlework pictures, 24, 25; rococo chasing (see chasing, rococo)
English pieces: chocolate pots, 67, 67–68, 68, 73, 74; church silver set, Garthorne, 120, 120; flagons, 94, 94, 120, 120; fused-plate, 94, 94, 95, 101, 102; grace cup, 226, 226; monteith, 72, 73; preference for, 156, 157; tankard, 235, 237; tobacco box, brass, 48, 49; two-handled communion cups, 94, 95, 101, 102
en suite silver, popularity of, 158. See also beverage services
equestrian scenes, 19, 20–27, 21–23, 25, 26
An Essay on Hunting by a Country Squire (Gosden), 22
Evelyn, Mary, 57
Fanueil, Peter, 80
Federhen, Deborah, 156
fellow commoner silver, 184, 187–90, 199
First Church (Berlin, Conn.), 125, 126
First Church (Boston, Mass.), 5, 6, 250, 251
First Church (Farmington, Conn.), 118, 119
First Church (Hampton, N.H.), 128
First Church (Killingworth, Conn.), 129
First Church (New Haven, Conn.), 115–16
First Church (Weston, Mass.), 252–53, 253
First Congregational Church (Hadley, Mass.): African Americans in, 99, 100; after Hopkins’s death, 105–6; communion practices, 100–101, 103–4; communion silver donations to, 91, 92, 93, 93–95, 94, 95, 101; diversity of, 99–100. See also Phelps, Elizabeth Porter
First Congregational Church (Kittery, Maine), 235, 236, 237
First Congregational Church (South Berwick, Maine), 235–36, 237
First Congregational Church (York, Maine), 236–37, 237
First Parish Church (Cambridge, Mass.), 113–14, 125
First Parish Church (Falmouth, Maine), 236–37, 237
First Parish Church (Groton, Mass.), 125–26
First Parish (Concord, Mass.), 256–59, 257, 258, 259
Flagg, Josiah, Jr., 167
flagons: Bartlett, Samuel, 250–53, 251, 257, 258, 258; Edwards, John, 5, 6; English, 94, 94, 120, 120
Fletcher and Gardiner: communion cups, two-handled, 91, 92, 93, 93; shop of, 93
Forty Acres (Phelps home), 92, 93, 96
Foster, John and Abigail, 76
Foster-Hutchinson House, 75–76, 76
Freeman, Enoch and Mary Wright, 233
Freemasons, 167–71
“The French Coffee-House” (Rowlandson), 55, 56
Frost, Charles, Jr., 230, 231, 233, 235, 237
Frost, Nicholas, 213
fruit motif, 31
Frye, Joseph, 227–28
Furness, John, 56
furniture, early 18th-century, 77, 78
Further Queries Upon the Present State of New-English Affairs, 46
fused-plate silver, 157; flagon, 94, 94; two-handled cups, 94, 95, 101, 102
Gage, Thomas, 174
Gainesborough, Thomas, 44, 45, 54
Gardiner, Sidney. See Fletcher and Gardiner
Gardner, John, beaker (chalice), 125, 126
Garthorne, Francis, church silver, 120, 120
Garthorne, George, chocolate pot, 67–68, 68
gentility, marks of: books about, 7, 46, 53–54, 55; chocolate pots, 84; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44, 45, 46, 52–53, 54–55; tea drinking, 231. See also social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
The Gentleman Dancing-Master (Wycherley), 54
The Gentleman’s Recreation (Blome), 22
The Gentleman’s Recreation (Cox), 22
Gill, Moses, 173
Goldsmith, John, 80
Gore, Christopher, 163
Gorham, Miles, communion cups, 125, 127
Gosden, Thomas, 22
Gray family creampot, 32–36, 34, 35
The Great River: Art and Society of the Connecticut Valley (exhibition catalogue), 93
Great Salt, Harvard, 185, 185, 201, 203, 204, 204, 205
Green, Joseph, 33
Greenwood, Isaac, 167
Grouchy, Thomas James and Mary Dumaresq, 164
Grover, Andrew, 215
Hale, Richard, 192
Hall, Simon, 168
Hall, Thomas, 47–48
Hamilton, Alexander, 57
Hamilton, Alexander (physician), 152
Hamilton, Charles, 10
Handel, George Frederick, 31
harness fittings, 156
Harris, Richard, 185
Harris, Thaddeus William, 202–4
Harvard College silver, 183–209; basin, 192, 193; Browne cup, 184, 186–87, 201, 203, 205; candlesticks, 192, 193, 194, 195, canns, 194, 197; ceremonial display of, 183, 201, 203–4, 205; corporate, 184–87; covered cups, 183, 184, 186, 186–87, 187, 193, 195; custodial responsibility for, 198, 199, 201; fellow commoner, 184, 187–90, 199; functional role, change in, 198–99, 205; Great Salt, 185, 185, 201, 203, 204, 204, 205; Harris’s interest in, 202–4; Harvard Corporation directives, 199–200; Hedge Tankard, 189, 189–90; inscribing of, 203–4; inventories, colonial, 198–200; nineteenth-century records of, 200–205; publication of, 183–84; as status symbol, 183, 187, 205; Stoughton cup, 183, 186, 186, 201, 205; as symbolic link to its past, 183, 202, 204, 205; tankards, 189, 189–90, 191, 194, 196, 197; tutorial, 184, 190–94; Vassall tankards, 190, 191, 201, 203; as works of art, 183, 205
hat bills, defined, 162
Hatch, Jabez, 173
Hays, Moses Michael, 169–70
Hedge, Levi, 190
Hedge Tankard, Harvard, 189, 189–90
Hegeman, Dennis, 230
Hewes, Samuel, 162
Heywood, Abiel, 261
A History of Harvard University (Peirce), 201–2
History of Harvard University (Quincy), 202
Hogarth, William: Morning, 47, 47; Wilkes, John, portrait of, 147, 148
hollowware technique, 250–51
Holmes, Edward Jackson, 148
Holyoke, Mary, 126
Hopkins, John, 94
Hopkins, Samuel, 91, 99, 100, 104
horsemanship motifs, 19, 24–27, 26
Howard, Samuel and Sarah Lithgow, 232
Hull, John, 61
Hull and Sanderson: coins, 1, 2; tunn, 5, 6; wine cups, 5, 6, 113–14, 114
Humphreys, David, 12–13
Hunnewell, Jonathan, 163
Hunt, Edward, 10
hunt scenes, 19, 20–24, 21, 22
Hurd, Jacob: baptismal basin, 5, 6; cann, 4, 5; creampot, equestrian/landscape scenes, 24–27, 26, 27; creampots, military scenes, 37, 37–38, 38, 39; creampot, shipping scene, 36, 36–37; sugar bowl, 232; teapots, 83, 218, 219
Hurd, Nathaniel: mourning ring, 233; teapot, 220, 221; tea service, 232; tobacco box of, 56
Hurd Bartlett, Anna, 246
Hutchinson, Sarah Foster, 69
Hutchinson, Thomas (governor), 141, 144
inheritance patterns, 234–35
James, Enoch, 166–67
Jennings, Jacob, 11
jewelry, 222, 224–25; rings, 224, 230, 233–34
Jewish silversmiths, 169–70
Johnson, Edward, 49
John Street Methodist Church (New York, N.Y.), 128
La Jolie Visiteuse (Mallet), 81, 82
Jones, Dorothy, 61
Kast, Philip Godfrey, 164
King George’s War, 35–36, 214, 225
Kirkland, John Thornton, 201
Kneeland, Joseph, Vassal tankards, Harvard, 190, 191, 201, 203
Knight, Sarah Kemble, 80
Knox, Thomas, 173
Kristeller, Paul, 3
Kulikoff, Allan, 160
“The Ladies Case” (Bickham), 31, 33
Lane, William C., 184
Langdon, Samuel, 200
Leprince, Jean-Baptiste, 81–82, 83
Leverett, John, 202
Lewis, Thomas, 166
Lithgow, William, 231
Little, Paul, 213
The Loathsomeness of Long Haire (Hall), 47–48
Loring, Henry, 247
Loring, Joseph, 254, 262; covered cup, 129, 129
Loring, Mary Giles, 31–32
love scenes. See sexual pursuit motif
luxury, trend toward, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Mackay, Robert C., 148
Mackay, William, 148
Maine silver, 213–45; after King George’s War, 213–14; buckles and buttons, 224; with coats of arms, 219–20, 220; communion services, 235–37, 237; early wealthy families, 217–18; 18th-century newcomers, 218–19; extent of, 213, 215; inheritance patterns, 234–35; jewelry, 222, 224–25, 230, 233–34; for modest domestic use, 220–22; for personal adornment, 8, 222–25 (see also jewelry); presentation pieces, family occasion, 220, 233–34; presentation pieces, public, 220, 225–29; presentation pieces, small private, 220, 230–31; spoons, 215, 221–22, 222, 232; as status symbol, 219–20; tea services, 231–32
Masons, 167–71
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association (MCMA), 162–64
materialism, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Mather, Cotton, 51–52
Maxwell, Alexander, 236
McAlpine, William, 168
medals: Barrell/Callendar, Columbia-Washington medal, 161, 161–62;
Bower, George, for William Phips, 228–29, 229
meetinghouse and church architecture, 115–17, 116, 117, 120–24, 122, 258–59
Mellen, John, 200
melting down: communion silver, 113–15, 125, 126, 127, 128; recoinage of 1696, 2–3; of stolen silver, 10
mercury poisoning, 12
Merrett, John, 80
military scenes, 19, 32–38, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39
Minott, George, 259
Minott, Samuel: and Bartlett, Samuel, 248, 254; and the silver market, 154, 155, 159, 254; tankard, 194, 197
Mintz, Sidney, 84
mitayos, 12
Mitchell, John, 221
money, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Montague, Peter, 101
Moody, Samuel, 218–19
Mors, Obadiah, 10
Morton, Sarah Wentworth Apthorp, 172
Moses Pierce-Hichborn House, 76
Moulton, Ebenezer, 158–59
Moulton, Jeremiah, 227
Moulton, Joseph, 11
mourning rings, 233–34
the mouth, social conventions of, 8–9
Mr. Serjeant Glyn, John Wilkes, and the Rev. Mr. John Home (Sayer), 145, 146
“Mundus Muliebris” (Evelyn), 57
The Musical Entertainer (Bickham), 29, 31, 33
narrative scenes. See chasing, rococo
needlework pictures, 24, 25, 27, 30, 30
neoclassical stvle: covered cup, Joseph Loring, 129, 129; urns, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 166, 166
New Brick Church (Boston, Mass.), 165–67
“New-Englands Crisis” (Tompson), 62
Newton, Isaac, 3
North Church (Salem, Mass.), 117
North Writing School, 246–47
Noyes, John, candlesticks, 78
Nygren, Ed, 79
Old Plate, Ecclesiastical, Decorative, and Domestic . . . (Buck), 183–84
Old South Church (Boston, Mass.), 116, 116, 124
Oliver, Andrew, 160
Oliver, Peter, chocolate pot, 71, 71, 79
Paine, William, 174
Parker, Daniel, communion silver, 236, 237
Parkman, Elias, 173
Parkman, Samuel, 166
Parkman, William, 259
Pascataway River in New England (“I.S.”), 213, 214
pastoral landscape scenes, 19, 27, 27
patch boxes, 1, 45, 52, 53, 54. See also snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes
patches, 46–48
Peacham, Henry, 46
Peirce, Benjamin, 201
Pendleton, Brian, 213
Penn family, as fashion standards, 46
Pepperrell, Andrew, 233
Pepperrell, Mary Hirst, 218, 236
Pepperrell, Col. William, 234, 236, 237
Pepperrell, Sir William, Jr., 217–18; baptismal basin, 236, 237; family inheritance, 234; mourning rings, 233; mustard caster, Andrew Tyler, 218; presentation service, English, 225–27, 226; silver-hilted sword, 231, 232; teapot, Jacob Hurd, 218, 219, 232
Perkins, Thomas, 215, 231, 232
Perry, Marian Lincoln, 148
Perry, Mrs. J. Marsden, 148
pewter communion vessels, 101, 118
Phelps, Charles, 91, 93, 95–96
Phelps, Elizabeth Porter: charitable works, 96–97; friendship with Hopkins, 95, 96, 99, 104–5; gift of communion silver, 91, 92, 93, 93, 100; home of, 92, 93, 96; missionary interests, 98, 105–6; organizing of women, 97–98; relationship with husband, 95–96; self-evaluation, 97, 104. See also First Congregational Church (Hadley, Mass.)
Phillips, John Marshall, 69
Phillips, Samuel, 118
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas . . . (Burke), 4
Pierce (Moses)-Hichborn house, 76
Pleay, William, 65
Poem on the Industry of the United States of America (Humphreys), 12–13
polishing/buffing, 4
porringer, Samuel Bartlett, 254, 256
Prescott, Abel, 249
presentation pieces: Bower, George, for William Phips, 228–29, 229; Burt, John, for Jeremiah Moulton, 227, 227; English grace cup, for Sir William Pepperrell, 225–27, 226; family occasion, Maine, 220, 233–34; medals, 161, 161–62, 228–29, 229; public, Maine, 220, 225–29; Revere, Paul, Jr., for Gamaliel Bradford, 166, 166; seals and seal rings, 230, 230; small private, Maine, 220, 230–31; sword, silver-hilted, 230–31, 232. See also tutorial silver
Province House, 75
Quincy, Josiah, 202
Rand, Isaac, 167
recasting. See melting down
recoinage of 1696, 2–3
Revere, Paul, Jr.: beverage services, 158, 158, 174, 175; canns, 174, 175, 194, 197; coffeepot, 174, 175; coffee urn, 158, 158; Copley’s portrait of, 135, 136, 139–40, 140, 149; creamers, 158, 158, 174, 175, 232; daybooks, 153, 154; entrepreneurial talent, 153, 156, 157–58; in the Freemasons, 167–71; friendship with Copley, 139; graduation certificates, 169, 169; ladle, 158, 158; Liberty Bowl (see Sons of Liberty Bowl [Revere]); in the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 163; Paine service, 174, 175; peers in silversmithing, 154–55; political activities, 139, 142, 171–72; presentation urn, 166, 166; productivity of, 154–58, 155; sauceboats, 170, 170; tankards, 175, 194, 196; tea and coffee services, 158, 158, 174, 175; teapot production, 157, 158; teapots, 139, 140, 158, 158, 174, 175; tongs, 174, 175, 232; The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . , 138, 138; urns, 158, 158, 166, 166; A Warm Place—Hell, 137, 137; water pitcher, 158, 159
Revere, Paul, Jr., customers of, 152–82, 165; family members and friends, 164–65; Freemasons, 167–71; hollowware sales, 157–59; known number of, 153; for low-end goods, 154, 156; Loyalists, 173–74; in the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 162–64; of modest wealth, 162–64; neighbors, 167; in New Brick Church, 165–67; political compatriots, 171–73; Revolutionary War, effect on, 157; spoon sales, 156–57; teapot sales, 157, 158; variety of, 153–54; water pitcher production, 158; wealthiest, 160–62, 172–73
Revere, Paul, Sr., 164
Revere, Thomas, Jr., 165
Revolution. See American Revolution
Rich, Obadiah, 202
Rishworth, Edward, 213
rococo style chasing. See chasing, rococo
Roman Catholic communion silver, 5, 119
Ross, Alexander, 233
Roth, Rodris, 29
Rouse, William, patch box, 52, 54
Rudenstine, Neil L., 183
The Rudiments of Genteel Behavior (Nivelon), 53–54, 55
Ruggles, Timothy, 137
Rules of Civility (Washington), 7
Rumney, Edward, 168
Russell, John, 103
salts, 187, 254, 256. See also Great Salt, Harvard
Sanderson, Robert, Sr. See Hull and Sanderson
Sargeant, Peter, 75
Sartell, Josiah, 125–26
sauceboats, Paul Revere, Jr., 170, 170
Sayward, Jonathan and Sarah, 233
Scales, Stephen, 194
scenes, narrative. See chasing, rococo
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 82
Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam (Greenwood), 50–51, 51
seals and seal rings, 230, 230
Second Great Awakening, 125
1768, events of, 135, 137–39, 144–45
Sever, Nicholas, 192
Sewell, Moses and Miriam Stone, 233
sexual pursuit motif: needlework pictures, 30, 30; rococo narrative scenes, 19, 27–32, 28, 32; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 52, 54, 56–57, 57; sugar boxes, 79
Shapleigh, Nicholas, 217
Shattuck, William, 158
Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61
“The Shepherd’s Dog and the Wolf,” 33, 34, 35
Sibley, John Langdon, 204
silver: and beauty, ideas of, 3–5; buffing/polishing, 4; chasing technique, 20; coinage, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216; counterfeiters, 10–11; cultural power of, 6–9, 19; and divinity, association with, 4–5; engraving tools, 139, 140; en suite, 158, 158; and gentility (see gentility, marks of); hollowware technique, 250–51; marks, paired, 44, 254; mining and production of, 11–13; and social divisions (see social class hierarchy, maintenance of); as status symbol (see status symbols); theft of, 10, 11; value of, by weight, 2, 215
Simkins, John, 162
Simpkins, William: creampot, 32–36, 34, 35; teapot, 20, 22, 22, 28, 28, 29–30, 31
Simpson, John, 24
Skillin, Simeon, Jr., 247
Smibert, John, 63
Smith, Erastus, 94
Smith, John, 56
Smith, Peter and Elizabeth Wendell, 232
Smith, Stephen and Deborah Ellis, 232
smoking. See tobacco use
“Snuff: A Poem” (Arbuckle), 50
snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44–58; construction and use of, 44–46; decoration of, 44, 48, 56; distinctions between, 44–46; as gifts and love tokens, 55–57; imported, 44; lids, 44, 45, 52; as mark of gentility, 44, 45, 46, 52–53, 54–55; marks, 44; patch boxes, 1, 45, 52, 53, 54; patches, use of, 46–48; snuffboxes, 31–32, 32, 50, 52, 56, 57; tobacco boxes, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53; tobacco use (see tobacco use)
social class hierarchy, maintenance of: communion silver, 91, 93–94, 100–101, 118; Harvard College silver, 187, 205; Maine silver, 214–15, 223–24, 225; pew seating, 122–24; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44, 52; social conventions for, 7–8; sumptuary laws, 223–24; Washington Procession, 159–60. See also gentility, marks of; materialism; status symbols
Sons of Liberty, 140–41, 171, 172, 173
Sons of Liberty Bowl (Revere), 135, 141, 143, 145; design of, 142–43; names engraved on, 140–42; provenance, 147–48; rapid production of, 142; symbolism of “45,” 143–45; symbolism of “92,” 145–47
South Battery, Boston (Johnston), 38, 40
South Church (Andover, Mass.), 118, 126
South East View of ye Great Town of Boston (Burgis), 37
Sparhawk, William Pepperrell, 234
Spencer, Thomas, 221
spoons: Bartiett, Samuel, 254, 255; Maine silver, 215, 221–22, 222, 232; and the mouth, social conventions of, 8; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175; Revere’s customers for, 156–57, 158
The Sportsman’s Dictionary, 22, 23, 24
St. Andrew’s Lodge (Boston, Mass.), 167–68
St. George, Robert Blair, 94
St. James Church (New London, Conn.), 125, 126
St. Luke’s Church (Isle of Wight County, Va.), 121
standing salts, 187, 254, 256. See also Great Salt, Harvard
status symbols: chocolate and chocolate pots, 62, 65–66, 82–83; communion silver, donated, 91, 93–94, 118, 235, 237; English narrative scenes (see chasing, rococo); Harvard College silver, 183, 187, 205; Maine silver, 219–20; silver’s rank as, 1, 7–9, 19, 153, 183, 215, 223–24, 225; tea ceremony, 231. See also gentility, marks of; materialism; social class hierarchy, maintenance of
Steams, Charles, 200
Steams, William Gordon, 202
Steele, Richard, 49–50
Still Life of Chocolate Service (Melendez), 62, 63, 64
Stone, Samuel, 103
Storer, Ebenezer and Mary Edwards, 73
Stoughton, William, 62, 64, 66–67, 186
Stoughton cup, Harvard, 183, 186, 186, 201, 203, 205
strainer, Samuel Bartlett, 254, 256
sumptuary laws, 223–24
Swan, James, 173
sword, silver-hilted, 230–31, 232
Tailer, William, 67
tankards: Bartlett, Samuel, 252–53, 253; Boyer, Daniel, 237; Burt, John, 9, 227, 227; as communion silver, 118, 120, 235, 236, 237, 237, 252–53, 253; Kneeland, Joseph, 190, 191; Minott, Samuel, 194, 197; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175, 194, 196; Winslow, Edward, 189, 189–90
taverns, Boston, 140–41, 171–72
teapots: Coney, John, 83; and Copley’s portrait of Revere, 139–40; Hurd, Jacob, 83, 218, 219, 232; Hurd, Nathaniel, 220, 221; numbers of, 83, 157; Revere, Paul, Jr., 157, 158, 174, 175; Simpkins, William, 20, 22, 22, 28, 28, 29–30, 31
tea services, popularity of, 155, 157, 158, 231–32
Templeman, John and Mehitable, 158
Third Church (Boston, Mass.), 116, 116, 124
Third Church (Ipswich, Mass.), 126–27, 128
“To a Lady on Her Parrot,” 31
tobacco boxes, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53. See also snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes
Tompson, Benjamin, 61–62
tongs, Paul Revere, Jr., 174, 175, 232
The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . (Revere), 138, 138
Tracy, Nathaniel, 168
Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.), 120, 120
Tuckerman, Edward, 163
tunn, Hull and Sanderson, 5, 6
Turell, Jane Pepperrell, 236
two-handled communion cups: Brigden, Zachariah, 101, 102; in the communion ritual, 100–101, 103; Dixwell, John, 101, 101; English pieces, 94, 95, 101, 102; Fletcher and Gardiner, 91, 92, 93, 93; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237
urns, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 166, 166
Vassall tankards. Harvard, 190, 191, 201, 203
A View of Castle William By Boston in New England, 38, 39
“A View of the Town of Concord” (Doolittle / Smith), 252, 252
Virginia church architecture, 121–24, 122
Wadsworth, Benjamin, 198–99
Waite, Thomas, 250
Walker, Lucretia Colt, 94, 101
Ward, Barbara McLean, 93–94, 100
Ward, Gerald, 235
Ward, Nathaniel, 48
Warden, G. B., 75
Ware, Henry, 201
Warland family chest-on-chest, 77, 78
A Warm Place—Hell (Revere), 137, 137
Warren, John, 168–69
Warren, Joseph, 137, 146, 147, 147, 169
Washington, George, 7
Washington Procession, 159–60
watches, 223
Webb, Edward, chocolate pot, 71–73, 72
Webb, Joseph, 167
Welch, George, 221
West Church (Boston, Mass.), 129
Whipple, Mary Cutts, 233
Whipple, William, 231, 233, 235, 236
White, John, 259
Whitefield, George, 48
Whittemore, William, heart-shaped box, 56, 57
Wigglesworth, Edward, 200
Wilkes, John, 143–45, 146, 146–47, 148
Willard, Joseph, 194
Williams, Chester, 100, 103, 104
Williams, Samuel, 200
Williams, William (hatter), 166
Williams, William (minister), 104
Williamson, R., 68
Winslow, Edward: chocolate pots, 69–71, 70; Hedge Tankard, Harvard, 189, 189–90; sugar box, 79, 79
Wirgman, John, gracecup, 226, 226
Wise, Jeremiah, 234
Wise, Mary, 235
Wonder-Working Providence (Johnson), 49
Woodbery, Thomas, 221
Wycherley, William, 54
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Adams, Abraham, 162
Adams, Samuel, 137–38, 141, 152
African Americans, 96, 99, 100
American Builders Companion (Benjamin), 117, 117
The American Physitian (Hughes), 84
American Revolution: Boston, occupation of, 138–39, 250; circular letter, 137, 145; and communion silver, trends in, 117–18, 120–21, 259; meetinghouse and church architecture, trends in, 120–24, 258–59; revolutionary organizations, 142, 171–72 (see also Sons of Liberty); 1768, events of, 135, 137–39, 144–45
Ames, Nathaniel, 33
Andrews, John, 247
Anglican churches, 121–24, 128, 129–30
Apthorp Morton, Sarah Wentworth, 172
Arbuckle, James, 50
architecture: Boston, late 17th-/early 18th-century, 75–76; meetinghouse and church, 115–17, 116, 117, 120–24, 122, 258–59
Auchmuty, Robert, 71
Avery, John, 173
Badger, Thomas, 162
Balch, Nathaniel, 162
Ball, John, 249
baptismal basins: acquisition of, 119, 128; Dummer, Jeremiah, 192, 193; Garthorne, Francis, 120, 120; Hurd, Jacob, 5, 6
Baptists, 99–100
Barnard, Jane, 61
Barrell, Joseph, medal, 160–62, 161
Barrett, Joseph, 162
Barry, Samuel, 163
Bartlett, Anna Hurd, 246
Bartlett, Benjamin D., 262
Bartlett, John, 194
Bartlett, Josiah, 247, 248, 249, 254
Bartlett, Polly Barrett, 248
Bartlett, Roger, 246
Bartlett, Samuel, 246–66; as apprentice, 247–48; in Cambridge, 261–63; cann, 254, 256; communion silver, 249–53, 251, 253, 256–58, 257, 258; Concord, move to, 248–49; Concord silver business, 249, 252, 253–54; creampot, 254, 256; estate inventory, 262; flagons, 250–53, 251, 257, 258, 258; mark paired with other makers, 254; and Samuel Minott, 248, 254; at North Writing School, 246–47; porringer, 254, 256; in public office, 259–61; and the Revolution, effect of, 248, 250, 252; salts, 254, 256; and Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61; and the Social Circle, 249, 260; spoons, 254, 255; strainer, 254, 256; tankard, 252–53, 253; wife of, 248, 261
beakers, 118, 120; Gardner, John, 125, 126; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237, 237
beauty, ideas of, 3–5
Beauty and Sensibility (Delattre), 4
Belcher, Gilbert, 10
Bentley, William, 200
beverage services, 155, 157, 158, 158, 174, 175, 231–32
Bickham, George, Jr., 23, 24, 29, 31, 33
bird motif, 31
Blanchard, Joshua, 162
Blome, Richard, 22
Boardman, William, 173
bodkins, 223
Bortman, Mark, 148
Boston, Mass.: architecture and decorative arts, late 17th-/early 18th-century, 75–79; occupation of, 138–39, 250; taverns, 140–41, 171–72; The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . (Revere), 138, 138; A View of Castle William By Boston in New England, 38, 39
Bower, George, medal, 228–29, 229
Boydell, Hannah, 80
Boyer, Daniel, 237
Bradford, Gamaliel, 166
Bragdon, Jeremiah, 236
Brailsford, Norton, 168
Brattle, William, 192
Brattle Street Church (Boston, Mass.), 128–29
Brenton, Benjamin, snuffbox, 56, 57
Brigden, Zachariah, 254; career, 154, 155; chocolate pots, 73, 74, 75; two-handled communion cup, 101, 102
Brown, Gawen, Jr., 247
Brown, Joseph Lasinby, 248, 249, 254
Browne, Samuel, 186–87
Browne cup, Harvard, 184, 186–87, 187, 201, 203, 205
buffing/polishing, 4
Buhler, Kathryn C., 184
bullion, 1, 2. See also coinage
Burgis, William, 37
Burke, Edmund, 4
Burt, Benjamin, 154–55, 159, 232, 248
Burt, John: Browne cup, Harvard, 184, 186–87, 187, 201, 203, 205; candlesticks, 192, 194; tankard, 9, 227, 227
Butler, John, 213
Butler, Moses, 235
Byles, Mather, 33
Cabot, Nancy Graves, 24
Callendar, Joseph, medal, 161, 161
Callender, William, 163
candlesticks, 78; Burt, John, 192, 194; Coney, John, 193, 195
cane heads, 223
canns: Bartlett, Samuel, 254, 256; Boyer, Daniel, 237; as communion silver, 118, 120, 237; Hurd, Jacob, 4, 5; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175, 194, 197; unknown maker, Maine, 220, 220
Carnes, Burrell and Anne Zeagers, 158
Carson, Cary, 84
Casey, Samuel, 10
caudle cups, 118, 119, 257, 258
Un Cavelier et une Dame beuvant du chocolat (Bonnard), 81, 81
Central Part of Concord, Massachusetts (Barber), 259, 259
The Chace (Baron/Wootton), 24, 25
Chadbourne (Humphrey) Farm (Godsoe), 217, 218
Chandler, Joseph, 259
Chandler family needlework picture, 30, 30
Charnelhouse, William, chocolate pot, 73, 74
chasing, rococo, 19–43; courtship and sexual pursuit motif, 19, 27–32, 28, 32 (see also sexual pursuit motif); horsemanship motifs, 19, 24–27, 26; hunt scenes, 19, 20–24, 21, 22; military scenes, 19, 32–38, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39; pastoral landscapes, 19, 27, 27; shipping scenes, 36, 36–37
chasing technique, 20
Chauncey, Isaac, 100, 103, 104
chest-on-chest, Warland family, 77, 78
chocolate drinking, 61–63, 65, 80–84
chocolate pots, 61–88; Brigden, Zachariah, 73, 74, 75; Coney, John, 66, 66–68, 69; design of, 65; English pieces, 67, 67–68, 68, 73, 74; numbers of, 65, 79; Oliver, Peter, 71, 71, 79; as status symbols, 65–66; Webb, Edward, 71–73, 72; Winslow, Edward, 69–71, 70
Christ Church (Lancaster County, Va.), 122, 122
church silver. See baptismal basins; communion silver
Clark, Grahame, 214
Clark-Frankland house, 76
Coates, Thomas and Beulah Jacquett, 71
coats of arms: Auchmuty family, 71; on Maine silver, 219–20, 220; Pepperrell grace cup, 226; Storer chocolate pot, 73, 74; on tobacco box, John Coney, 52, 53, Vassall creampot, 36
Cocks, Josiah, 232
coffeepots: compared to chocolate pots, 65; numbers of, 83; Revere, Paul, Jr., 158, 158, 174, 175
Cogswell, Emerson, 249
coinage, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Collins (Collings), Ezra, 167
Colman, Benjamin, 33
Colt Walker, Lucretia, 94, 101
Committees of Correspondence, 171
communion ritual: denominational differences in, 119–20, 129–30; described, 101, 103; open, 100–101, 103–4
communion silver: acquisition patterns, 118–19, 125–28; in Anglican churches, 128, 129–30; Bartlett, Samuel, 249–53, 251, 253, 256–58, 257, 258; beakers, 118, 120, 125, 126, 236, 237, 237; Brigden, Zachariah, 101, 102; canns, 118, 120; caudle cups, 118, 119, 257, 258; chalice (beaker), 125, 126; Coney, John, 258; denominational differences, 5, 119–20; denominational uniformity, 118, 129–30; and divinity, association with, 4–5; Dixwell, John, 101, 101; donations of, 91, 93–95, 101, 118, 235, 237; Edwards, John, 5, 6; English, 94, 94, 95, 101, 102, 120, 120; flagons (see flagons); Fletcher and Gardiner, 91, 92, 93, 93; forms used, listed, 118–19, 127–28; function in communion ritual, 101, 103, 118, 120; Gardner, John, 125, 126; Gorham, Miles, 125, 127; Garthorne, Francis, 120, 120; Hull and Sanderson, 5, 6, 113–14, 114; Maine congregations, 235–37, 237; melting down, 113–15, 125, 126, 127, 128; mixed vs. matching sets, 118, 125, 128, 129–30; post-Revolutionary trends in, 117–18, 120–21; and social class, 91, 93–94, 100–101, 118; standing cups, 118, 120; as status symbol, 91, 93–94, 118, 235, 237; tankards, 118, 120, 235–36, 237, 237, 252–53, 253; tunn, 5, 6; two-handled cups (see two-handled communion cups); wine cups, 5, 6, 113–14, 114. See also baptismal basins
The Complete Gentleman (Peacham), 46
Concord, Mass., 259; market for silver in, 249, 252, 254; and Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61; views of, 252, 252, 259, 259
Coney, John: candlesticks, 78, 193, 195; chocolate pots, 66, 66–68, 69; communion caudle cups, 258; covered cups, 183, 186, 186, 193, 195; monteith, 78; Stoughton cup, Harvard, 183, 186, 186, 201, 203, 205; sugar box, 78, 78–79; teapot, 83; tobacco box engraving, 52, 53
Congregational Church (Springfield, Mass.), 128
Congregationalism, diversity in, 99–100. See also communion ritual; meetinghouse and church architecture
consumerism, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Cooke, Edward S., Jr., 78
Copley, John Singleton: friendship with Revere, 139; patronage, sources of, 173–74; Revere, portrait of, 135, 136, 139–40, 140, 149; Joseph Warren, portrait of, 147, 147
Corey, William and Mary Aiken, 24
corporate plate, Harvard, 184–87
counterfeiters, 10–11
courtship scenes. See sexual pursuit motif
covered cups, 187; Burt, John, 184, 186–87, 187; Coney, John, 183, 186, 186, 193, 195; Loring, Joseph, 129, 129
Cox, Nicholas, 22
La crainte (Leprince), 81–82, 83
creamers, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 174, 175, 232
creampots: Bartlett, Samuel, 254, 256; Edwards, Thomas, 20, 21, 24, 29–30; Hurd, Jacob, equestrian/landscape scenes, 24–27, 26, 27; Hurd, Jacob, military scenes, 37, 37–38, 38, 39; Hurd, Jacob, shipping scene, 36, 36–37; Simpkins, William, 32–36, 34, 35
Crosby, Daniel, 162
Cross, Joseph, 213
Cuming, John, 256
Cummings, Abbott Lowell, 76
currency, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Cutts, Dorcus, 233–34
Cutts, Robert, 213
Dalton, Tristram, 164
Dane, Thomas, snuffbox, 31–32, 52
Danforth, Samuel, 174
Deane, Samuel, 237
Deering family chocolate pot, 73
Delattre, Roland, 4
Dennie, Thomas, 160
Denny, William, monteith, 72, 73
desk and bookcase, Avery, 77, 78
Dickinson, John, 144–45
Dighton, Isaac, chocolate pot, 67, 67–68
Dixwell, John: patch box, 52, 53; two-handled communion cup, 101, 101
Dolbear, Sarah, 27
Dorr, Harbottle, 145–46
Dow, Samuel, 163
Downes, William and Elizabeth Edwards, 68
Dummer, Jeremiah, 68; basin, 192, 193
Dunster, Henry, 185
Edwards, Sarah Pierpont, 1, 52
Edwards, Thomas, creampot, 20, 21, 24, 29–30
Eliot, Andrew, 199
embroidered pictures, 24, 25, 27, 30, 30
Emmons, Thomas, 163
English influence: homes and furnishings, 75–78; meetinghouses and churches, 115; needlework pictures, 24, 25; rococo chasing (see chasing, rococo)
English pieces: chocolate pots, 67, 67–68, 68, 73, 74; church silver set, Garthorne, 120, 120; flagons, 94, 94, 120, 120; fused-plate, 94, 94, 95, 101, 102; grace cup, 226, 226; monteith, 72, 73; preference for, 156, 157; tankard, 235, 237; tobacco box, brass, 48, 49; two-handled communion cups, 94, 95, 101, 102
en suite silver, popularity of, 158. See also beverage services
equestrian scenes, 19, 20–27, 21–23, 25, 26
An Essay on Hunting by a Country Squire (Gosden), 22
Evelyn, Mary, 57
Fanueil, Peter, 80
Federhen, Deborah, 156
fellow commoner silver, 184, 187–90, 199
First Church (Berlin, Conn.), 125, 126
First Church (Boston, Mass.), 5, 6, 250, 251
First Church (Farmington, Conn.), 118, 119
First Church (Hampton, N.H.), 128
First Church (Killingworth, Conn.), 129
First Church (New Haven, Conn.), 115–16
First Church (Weston, Mass.), 252–53, 253
First Congregational Church (Hadley, Mass.): African Americans in, 99, 100; after Hopkins’s death, 105–6; communion practices, 100–101, 103–4; communion silver donations to, 91, 92, 93, 93–95, 94, 95, 101; diversity of, 99–100. See also Phelps, Elizabeth Porter
First Congregational Church (Kittery, Maine), 235, 236, 237
First Congregational Church (South Berwick, Maine), 235–36, 237
First Congregational Church (York, Maine), 236–37, 237
First Parish Church (Cambridge, Mass.), 113–14, 125
First Parish Church (Falmouth, Maine), 236–37, 237
First Parish Church (Groton, Mass.), 125–26
First Parish (Concord, Mass.), 256–59, 257, 258, 259
Flagg, Josiah, Jr., 167
flagons: Bartlett, Samuel, 250–53, 251, 257, 258, 258; Edwards, John, 5, 6; English, 94, 94, 120, 120
Fletcher and Gardiner: communion cups, two-handled, 91, 92, 93, 93; shop of, 93
Forty Acres (Phelps home), 92, 93, 96
Foster, John and Abigail, 76
Foster-Hutchinson House, 75–76, 76
Freeman, Enoch and Mary Wright, 233
Freemasons, 167–71
“The French Coffee-House” (Rowlandson), 55, 56
Frost, Charles, Jr., 230, 231, 233, 235, 237
Frost, Nicholas, 213
fruit motif, 31
Frye, Joseph, 227–28
Furness, John, 56
furniture, early 18th-century, 77, 78
Further Queries Upon the Present State of New-English Affairs, 46
fused-plate silver, 157; flagon, 94, 94; two-handled cups, 94, 95, 101, 102
Gage, Thomas, 174
Gainesborough, Thomas, 44, 45, 54
Gardiner, Sidney. See Fletcher and Gardiner
Gardner, John, beaker (chalice), 125, 126
Garthorne, Francis, church silver, 120, 120
Garthorne, George, chocolate pot, 67–68, 68
gentility, marks of: books about, 7, 46, 53–54, 55; chocolate pots, 84; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44, 45, 46, 52–53, 54–55; tea drinking, 231. See also social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
The Gentleman Dancing-Master (Wycherley), 54
The Gentleman’s Recreation (Blome), 22
The Gentleman’s Recreation (Cox), 22
Gill, Moses, 173
Goldsmith, John, 80
Gore, Christopher, 163
Gorham, Miles, communion cups, 125, 127
Gosden, Thomas, 22
Gray family creampot, 32–36, 34, 35
The Great River: Art and Society of the Connecticut Valley (exhibition catalogue), 93
Great Salt, Harvard, 185, 185, 201, 203, 204, 204, 205
Green, Joseph, 33
Greenwood, Isaac, 167
Grouchy, Thomas James and Mary Dumaresq, 164
Grover, Andrew, 215
Hale, Richard, 192
Hall, Simon, 168
Hall, Thomas, 47–48
Hamilton, Alexander, 57
Hamilton, Alexander (physician), 152
Hamilton, Charles, 10
Handel, George Frederick, 31
harness fittings, 156
Harris, Richard, 185
Harris, Thaddeus William, 202–4
Harvard College silver, 183–209; basin, 192, 193; Browne cup, 184, 186–87, 201, 203, 205; candlesticks, 192, 193, 194, 195, canns, 194, 197; ceremonial display of, 183, 201, 203–4, 205; corporate, 184–87; covered cups, 183, 184, 186, 186–87, 187, 193, 195; custodial responsibility for, 198, 199, 201; fellow commoner, 184, 187–90, 199; functional role, change in, 198–99, 205; Great Salt, 185, 185, 201, 203, 204, 204, 205; Harris’s interest in, 202–4; Harvard Corporation directives, 199–200; Hedge Tankard, 189, 189–90; inscribing of, 203–4; inventories, colonial, 198–200; nineteenth-century records of, 200–205; publication of, 183–84; as status symbol, 183, 187, 205; Stoughton cup, 183, 186, 186, 201, 205; as symbolic link to its past, 183, 202, 204, 205; tankards, 189, 189–90, 191, 194, 196, 197; tutorial, 184, 190–94; Vassall tankards, 190, 191, 201, 203; as works of art, 183, 205
hat bills, defined, 162
Hatch, Jabez, 173
Hays, Moses Michael, 169–70
Hedge, Levi, 190
Hedge Tankard, Harvard, 189, 189–90
Hegeman, Dennis, 230
Hewes, Samuel, 162
Heywood, Abiel, 261
A History of Harvard University (Peirce), 201–2
History of Harvard University (Quincy), 202
Hogarth, William: Morning, 47, 47; Wilkes, John, portrait of, 147, 148
hollowware technique, 250–51
Holmes, Edward Jackson, 148
Holyoke, Mary, 126
Hopkins, John, 94
Hopkins, Samuel, 91, 99, 100, 104
horsemanship motifs, 19, 24–27, 26
Howard, Samuel and Sarah Lithgow, 232
Hull, John, 61
Hull and Sanderson: coins, 1, 2; tunn, 5, 6; wine cups, 5, 6, 113–14, 114
Humphreys, David, 12–13
Hunnewell, Jonathan, 163
Hunt, Edward, 10
hunt scenes, 19, 20–24, 21, 22
Hurd, Jacob: baptismal basin, 5, 6; cann, 4, 5; creampot, equestrian/landscape scenes, 24–27, 26, 27; creampots, military scenes, 37, 37–38, 38, 39; creampot, shipping scene, 36, 36–37; sugar bowl, 232; teapots, 83, 218, 219
Hurd, Nathaniel: mourning ring, 233; teapot, 220, 221; tea service, 232; tobacco box of, 56
Hurd Bartlett, Anna, 246
Hutchinson, Sarah Foster, 69
Hutchinson, Thomas (governor), 141, 144
inheritance patterns, 234–35
James, Enoch, 166–67
Jennings, Jacob, 11
jewelry, 222, 224–25; rings, 224, 230, 233–34
Jewish silversmiths, 169–70
Johnson, Edward, 49
John Street Methodist Church (New York, N.Y.), 128
La Jolie Visiteuse (Mallet), 81, 82
Jones, Dorothy, 61
Kast, Philip Godfrey, 164
King George’s War, 35–36, 214, 225
Kirkland, John Thornton, 201
Kneeland, Joseph, Vassal tankards, Harvard, 190, 191, 201, 203
Knight, Sarah Kemble, 80
Knox, Thomas, 173
Kristeller, Paul, 3
Kulikoff, Allan, 160
“The Ladies Case” (Bickham), 31, 33
Lane, William C., 184
Langdon, Samuel, 200
Leprince, Jean-Baptiste, 81–82, 83
Leverett, John, 202
Lewis, Thomas, 166
Lithgow, William, 231
Little, Paul, 213
The Loathsomeness of Long Haire (Hall), 47–48
Loring, Henry, 247
Loring, Joseph, 254, 262; covered cup, 129, 129
Loring, Mary Giles, 31–32
love scenes. See sexual pursuit motif
luxury, trend toward, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Mackay, Robert C., 148
Mackay, William, 148
Maine silver, 213–45; after King George’s War, 213–14; buckles and buttons, 224; with coats of arms, 219–20, 220; communion services, 235–37, 237; early wealthy families, 217–18; 18th-century newcomers, 218–19; extent of, 213, 215; inheritance patterns, 234–35; jewelry, 222, 224–25, 230, 233–34; for modest domestic use, 220–22; for personal adornment, 8, 222–25 (see also jewelry); presentation pieces, family occasion, 220, 233–34; presentation pieces, public, 220, 225–29; presentation pieces, small private, 220, 230–31; spoons, 215, 221–22, 222, 232; as status symbol, 219–20; tea services, 231–32
Masons, 167–71
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association (MCMA), 162–64
materialism, 6–7, 84, 152–53. See also gentility, marks of; social class hierarchy, maintenance of; status symbols
Mather, Cotton, 51–52
Maxwell, Alexander, 236
McAlpine, William, 168
medals: Barrell/Callendar, Columbia-Washington medal, 161, 161–62;
Bower, George, for William Phips, 228–29, 229
meetinghouse and church architecture, 115–17, 116, 117, 120–24, 122, 258–59
Mellen, John, 200
melting down: communion silver, 113–15, 125, 126, 127, 128; recoinage of 1696, 2–3; of stolen silver, 10
mercury poisoning, 12
Merrett, John, 80
military scenes, 19, 32–38, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39
Minott, George, 259
Minott, Samuel: and Bartlett, Samuel, 248, 254; and the silver market, 154, 155, 159, 254; tankard, 194, 197
Mintz, Sidney, 84
mitayos, 12
Mitchell, John, 221
money, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216
Montague, Peter, 101
Moody, Samuel, 218–19
Mors, Obadiah, 10
Morton, Sarah Wentworth Apthorp, 172
Moses Pierce-Hichborn House, 76
Moulton, Ebenezer, 158–59
Moulton, Jeremiah, 227
Moulton, Joseph, 11
mourning rings, 233–34
the mouth, social conventions of, 8–9
Mr. Serjeant Glyn, John Wilkes, and the Rev. Mr. John Home (Sayer), 145, 146
“Mundus Muliebris” (Evelyn), 57
The Musical Entertainer (Bickham), 29, 31, 33
narrative scenes. See chasing, rococo
needlework pictures, 24, 25, 27, 30, 30
neoclassical stvle: covered cup, Joseph Loring, 129, 129; urns, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 166, 166
New Brick Church (Boston, Mass.), 165–67
“New-Englands Crisis” (Tompson), 62
Newton, Isaac, 3
North Church (Salem, Mass.), 117
North Writing School, 246–47
Noyes, John, candlesticks, 78
Nygren, Ed, 79
Old Plate, Ecclesiastical, Decorative, and Domestic . . . (Buck), 183–84
Old South Church (Boston, Mass.), 116, 116, 124
Oliver, Andrew, 160
Oliver, Peter, chocolate pot, 71, 71, 79
Paine, William, 174
Parker, Daniel, communion silver, 236, 237
Parkman, Elias, 173
Parkman, Samuel, 166
Parkman, William, 259
Pascataway River in New England (“I.S.”), 213, 214
pastoral landscape scenes, 19, 27, 27
patch boxes, 1, 45, 52, 53, 54. See also snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes
patches, 46–48
Peacham, Henry, 46
Peirce, Benjamin, 201
Pendleton, Brian, 213
Penn family, as fashion standards, 46
Pepperrell, Andrew, 233
Pepperrell, Mary Hirst, 218, 236
Pepperrell, Col. William, 234, 236, 237
Pepperrell, Sir William, Jr., 217–18; baptismal basin, 236, 237; family inheritance, 234; mourning rings, 233; mustard caster, Andrew Tyler, 218; presentation service, English, 225–27, 226; silver-hilted sword, 231, 232; teapot, Jacob Hurd, 218, 219, 232
Perkins, Thomas, 215, 231, 232
Perry, Marian Lincoln, 148
Perry, Mrs. J. Marsden, 148
pewter communion vessels, 101, 118
Phelps, Charles, 91, 93, 95–96
Phelps, Elizabeth Porter: charitable works, 96–97; friendship with Hopkins, 95, 96, 99, 104–5; gift of communion silver, 91, 92, 93, 93, 100; home of, 92, 93, 96; missionary interests, 98, 105–6; organizing of women, 97–98; relationship with husband, 95–96; self-evaluation, 97, 104. See also First Congregational Church (Hadley, Mass.)
Phillips, John Marshall, 69
Phillips, Samuel, 118
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas . . . (Burke), 4
Pierce (Moses)-Hichborn house, 76
Pleay, William, 65
Poem on the Industry of the United States of America (Humphreys), 12–13
polishing/buffing, 4
porringer, Samuel Bartlett, 254, 256
Prescott, Abel, 249
presentation pieces: Bower, George, for William Phips, 228–29, 229; Burt, John, for Jeremiah Moulton, 227, 227; English grace cup, for Sir William Pepperrell, 225–27, 226; family occasion, Maine, 220, 233–34; medals, 161, 161–62, 228–29, 229; public, Maine, 220, 225–29; Revere, Paul, Jr., for Gamaliel Bradford, 166, 166; seals and seal rings, 230, 230; small private, Maine, 220, 230–31; sword, silver-hilted, 230–31, 232. See also tutorial silver
Province House, 75
Quincy, Josiah, 202
Rand, Isaac, 167
recasting. See melting down
recoinage of 1696, 2–3
Revere, Paul, Jr.: beverage services, 158, 158, 174, 175; canns, 174, 175, 194, 197; coffeepot, 174, 175; coffee urn, 158, 158; Copley’s portrait of, 135, 136, 139–40, 140, 149; creamers, 158, 158, 174, 175, 232; daybooks, 153, 154; entrepreneurial talent, 153, 156, 157–58; in the Freemasons, 167–71; friendship with Copley, 139; graduation certificates, 169, 169; ladle, 158, 158; Liberty Bowl (see Sons of Liberty Bowl [Revere]); in the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 163; Paine service, 174, 175; peers in silversmithing, 154–55; political activities, 139, 142, 171–72; presentation urn, 166, 166; productivity of, 154–58, 155; sauceboats, 170, 170; tankards, 175, 194, 196; tea and coffee services, 158, 158, 174, 175; teapot production, 157, 158; teapots, 139, 140, 158, 158, 174, 175; tongs, 174, 175, 232; The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . , 138, 138; urns, 158, 158, 166, 166; A Warm Place—Hell, 137, 137; water pitcher, 158, 159
Revere, Paul, Jr., customers of, 152–82, 165; family members and friends, 164–65; Freemasons, 167–71; hollowware sales, 157–59; known number of, 153; for low-end goods, 154, 156; Loyalists, 173–74; in the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 162–64; of modest wealth, 162–64; neighbors, 167; in New Brick Church, 165–67; political compatriots, 171–73; Revolutionary War, effect on, 157; spoon sales, 156–57; teapot sales, 157, 158; variety of, 153–54; water pitcher production, 158; wealthiest, 160–62, 172–73
Revere, Paul, Sr., 164
Revere, Thomas, Jr., 165
Revolution. See American Revolution
Rich, Obadiah, 202
Rishworth, Edward, 213
rococo style chasing. See chasing, rococo
Roman Catholic communion silver, 5, 119
Ross, Alexander, 233
Roth, Rodris, 29
Rouse, William, patch box, 52, 54
Rudenstine, Neil L., 183
The Rudiments of Genteel Behavior (Nivelon), 53–54, 55
Ruggles, Timothy, 137
Rules of Civility (Washington), 7
Rumney, Edward, 168
Russell, John, 103
salts, 187, 254, 256. See also Great Salt, Harvard
Sanderson, Robert, Sr. See Hull and Sanderson
Sargeant, Peter, 75
Sartell, Josiah, 125–26
sauceboats, Paul Revere, Jr., 170, 170
Sayward, Jonathan and Sarah, 233
Scales, Stephen, 194
scenes, narrative. See chasing, rococo
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 82
Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam (Greenwood), 50–51, 51
seals and seal rings, 230, 230
Second Great Awakening, 125
1768, events of, 135, 137–39, 144–45
Sever, Nicholas, 192
Sewell, Moses and Miriam Stone, 233
sexual pursuit motif: needlework pictures, 30, 30; rococo narrative scenes, 19, 27–32, 28, 32; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 52, 54, 56–57, 57; sugar boxes, 79
Shapleigh, Nicholas, 217
Shattuck, William, 158
Shays’s Rebellion, 260–61
“The Shepherd’s Dog and the Wolf,” 33, 34, 35
Sibley, John Langdon, 204
silver: and beauty, ideas of, 3–5; buffing/polishing, 4; chasing technique, 20; coinage, 1–3, 2, 10–11, 215–16, 216; counterfeiters, 10–11; cultural power of, 6–9, 19; and divinity, association with, 4–5; engraving tools, 139, 140; en suite, 158, 158; and gentility (see gentility, marks of); hollowware technique, 250–51; marks, paired, 44, 254; mining and production of, 11–13; and social divisions (see social class hierarchy, maintenance of); as status symbol (see status symbols); theft of, 10, 11; value of, by weight, 2, 215
Simkins, John, 162
Simpkins, William: creampot, 32–36, 34, 35; teapot, 20, 22, 22, 28, 28, 29–30, 31
Simpson, John, 24
Skillin, Simeon, Jr., 247
Smibert, John, 63
Smith, Erastus, 94
Smith, John, 56
Smith, Peter and Elizabeth Wendell, 232
Smith, Stephen and Deborah Ellis, 232
smoking. See tobacco use
“Snuff: A Poem” (Arbuckle), 50
snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44–58; construction and use of, 44–46; decoration of, 44, 48, 56; distinctions between, 44–46; as gifts and love tokens, 55–57; imported, 44; lids, 44, 45, 52; as mark of gentility, 44, 45, 46, 52–53, 54–55; marks, 44; patch boxes, 1, 45, 52, 53, 54; patches, use of, 46–48; snuffboxes, 31–32, 32, 50, 52, 56, 57; tobacco boxes, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53; tobacco use (see tobacco use)
social class hierarchy, maintenance of: communion silver, 91, 93–94, 100–101, 118; Harvard College silver, 187, 205; Maine silver, 214–15, 223–24, 225; pew seating, 122–24; snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes, 44, 52; social conventions for, 7–8; sumptuary laws, 223–24; Washington Procession, 159–60. See also gentility, marks of; materialism; status symbols
Sons of Liberty, 140–41, 171, 172, 173
Sons of Liberty Bowl (Revere), 135, 141, 143, 145; design of, 142–43; names engraved on, 140–42; provenance, 147–48; rapid production of, 142; symbolism of “45,” 143–45; symbolism of “92,” 145–47
South Battery, Boston (Johnston), 38, 40
South Church (Andover, Mass.), 118, 126
South East View of ye Great Town of Boston (Burgis), 37
Sparhawk, William Pepperrell, 234
Spencer, Thomas, 221
spoons: Bartiett, Samuel, 254, 255; Maine silver, 215, 221–22, 222, 232; and the mouth, social conventions of, 8; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175; Revere’s customers for, 156–57, 158
The Sportsman’s Dictionary, 22, 23, 24
St. Andrew’s Lodge (Boston, Mass.), 167–68
St. George, Robert Blair, 94
St. James Church (New London, Conn.), 125, 126
St. Luke’s Church (Isle of Wight County, Va.), 121
standing salts, 187, 254, 256. See also Great Salt, Harvard
status symbols: chocolate and chocolate pots, 62, 65–66, 82–83; communion silver, donated, 91, 93–94, 118, 235, 237; English narrative scenes (see chasing, rococo); Harvard College silver, 183, 187, 205; Maine silver, 219–20; silver’s rank as, 1, 7–9, 19, 153, 183, 215, 223–24, 225; tea ceremony, 231. See also gentility, marks of; materialism; social class hierarchy, maintenance of
Steams, Charles, 200
Steams, William Gordon, 202
Steele, Richard, 49–50
Still Life of Chocolate Service (Melendez), 62, 63, 64
Stone, Samuel, 103
Storer, Ebenezer and Mary Edwards, 73
Stoughton, William, 62, 64, 66–67, 186
Stoughton cup, Harvard, 183, 186, 186, 201, 203, 205
strainer, Samuel Bartlett, 254, 256
sumptuary laws, 223–24
Swan, James, 173
sword, silver-hilted, 230–31, 232
Tailer, William, 67
tankards: Bartlett, Samuel, 252–53, 253; Boyer, Daniel, 237; Burt, John, 9, 227, 227; as communion silver, 118, 120, 235, 236, 237, 237, 252–53, 253; Kneeland, Joseph, 190, 191; Minott, Samuel, 194, 197; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237; Revere, Paul, Jr., 174, 175, 194, 196; Winslow, Edward, 189, 189–90
taverns, Boston, 140–41, 171–72
teapots: Coney, John, 83; and Copley’s portrait of Revere, 139–40; Hurd, Jacob, 83, 218, 219, 232; Hurd, Nathaniel, 220, 221; numbers of, 83, 157; Revere, Paul, Jr., 157, 158, 174, 175; Simpkins, William, 20, 22, 22, 28, 28, 29–30, 31
tea services, popularity of, 155, 157, 158, 231–32
Templeman, John and Mehitable, 158
Third Church (Boston, Mass.), 116, 116, 124
Third Church (Ipswich, Mass.), 126–27, 128
“To a Lady on Her Parrot,” 31
tobacco boxes, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53. See also snuff, tobacco, and patch boxes
Tompson, Benjamin, 61–62
tongs, Paul Revere, Jr., 174, 175, 232
The town of Boston in New-England and Brittish ships . . . (Revere), 138, 138
Tracy, Nathaniel, 168
Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.), 120, 120
Tuckerman, Edward, 163
tunn, Hull and Sanderson, 5, 6
Turell, Jane Pepperrell, 236
two-handled communion cups: Brigden, Zachariah, 101, 102; in the communion ritual, 100–101, 103; Dixwell, John, 101, 101; English pieces, 94, 95, 101, 102; Fletcher and Gardiner, 91, 92, 93, 93; Parker, Daniel, 236, 237
urns, Paul Revere, Jr., 158, 158, 166, 166
Vassall tankards. Harvard, 190, 191, 201, 203
A View of Castle William By Boston in New England, 38, 39
“A View of the Town of Concord” (Doolittle / Smith), 252, 252
Virginia church architecture, 121–24, 122
Wadsworth, Benjamin, 198–99
Waite, Thomas, 250
Walker, Lucretia Colt, 94, 101
Ward, Barbara McLean, 93–94, 100
Ward, Gerald, 235
Ward, Nathaniel, 48
Warden, G. B., 75
Ware, Henry, 201
Warland family chest-on-chest, 77, 78
A Warm Place—Hell (Revere), 137, 137
Warren, John, 168–69
Warren, Joseph, 137, 146, 147, 147, 169
Washington, George, 7
Washington Procession, 159–60
watches, 223
Webb, Edward, chocolate pot, 71–73, 72
Webb, Joseph, 167
Welch, George, 221
West Church (Boston, Mass.), 129
Whipple, Mary Cutts, 233
Whipple, William, 231, 233, 235, 236
White, John, 259
Whitefield, George, 48
Whittemore, William, heart-shaped box, 56, 57
Wigglesworth, Edward, 200
Wilkes, John, 143–45, 146, 146–47, 148
Willard, Joseph, 194
Williams, Chester, 100, 103, 104
Williams, Samuel, 200
Williams, William (hatter), 166
Williams, William (minister), 104
Williamson, R., 68
Winslow, Edward: chocolate pots, 69–71, 70; Hedge Tankard, Harvard, 189, 189–90; sugar box, 79, 79
Wirgman, John, gracecup, 226, 226
Wise, Jeremiah, 234
Wise, Mary, 235
Wonder-Working Providence (Johnson), 49
Woodbery, Thomas, 221
Wycherley, William, 54