1 Mr. Holmes’s paper has been printed in our Transactions, xxvi. 312–322.

2 Boston Records, ii (Second edition).

3 Boston Records, xxxii.

4 Colonial Records, i. 116.

5 Colonial Records, i. 216.

6 Boston Records, ii, Part 2, pp. iii, iv.

7 See our Publications, xxi. 251–254, xv. 43–47.

8 Boston Records, ii, Part 1, p. 71.

9 Suffolk Deeds, I. 162.

10 Superior Court Files, I. 72.

11 Boston Records, II, Part 2, p. 12.

12 J. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, II. iv, v.

13 Boston Records, II, Part 2, p. iv.

14 Colonial Records, I. 207.

15 Boston Records, II, Part 1, p. 22.

16 Suffolk Deeds, x. 15.

17 Boston Records, xxxii.

18 Id., ii, Part 2, pp. 6, 16, 19, 28, 34.

19 Archæologia Americana, vii. 1.

20 Proper names in my list are spelled as they appear in the printed Book of Possessions.

21 Throughout this paper I have used landmarks of the present in placing the lots which are discussed.

22 The numbering follows the plan already used in the text above: the first number shows the order in which the listing was done; the second, the page in the manuscript volume; and the third, the page in the printed text of the Book of Possessions.

23 H. F. Jenks, “Historical Sketch” in Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, 1886, pp. 33–34.

24 The letter, as well as the account of the curriculum sent with it, is in my possession. For Williams, see H. F. Jenks, pp. 31 ff. For Hobart see J. L. Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Harvard Graduates, ii. 235–238.

25 To Professor Norton i am grateful for information as to the “new” methods and the authors who advocated them, as well as for his general comment on the document discussed in this paper.

26 This was the famous Short Introduction to the Latin Tongue: For the Use of the Lower Forms in the Latin School, Being the Accidence Abbridg’d and Compiled in that most easy and accurate Method, wherein the Famous Mr. Ezekiel Cheever taught, etc., first printed in Boston in 1709. For this book, commonly known as Cheever’s Accidence, see G. E. Littlefield, Early Schools and School-Books of New England, pp. 251–253, 255.

27 The Nomenclator, or Nomenclatura, was a small Latin-English vocabulary, long generally used.

28 A book of Latin and English sentences, translated by Charles Hoole, and printed in Boston in 1702. Id., p. 247.

29 Hoole published in 1652 Maturinus Corderius’s School Colloquies, English and Latin. Cf. id., p. 243.

30 This suggests that they were allowed English translations of the books used earlier in the course. Hoole’s Sententiae Pueriles and his Corderius contained the English as well as the Latin text. Cf. notes 4 and 5 above.

31 “The old way of Repitition,” Professor Norton tells me, probably refers to the “Memoriter Recitation,” spoken of by Locke as: “Another thing, very ordinary in the vulgar method of grammar-schools . . . of which I see no use at all . . . That which I mean, and here complain of, is their being forced to learn by heart great parcels of the authors which are taught them.” Thoughts Concerning Education, Boston, 1830, p. 215.

32 “Propr: As in pres:” refers to rules in Lily’s Latin grammar, which was long in use in New England. Cf. Littlefield, pp. 238 ff. See also a passage in John Clarke’s Essay, p. 26, in which he speaks of Lily’s grammar, saying “the common Custom is, to make the Boys construe their Propria quae maribus, Quae genus, and As in praesenti, quite thro’;” and Lily’s Brevissima Institutio, 1651, pp. 12, 47.

33 J. Garretson’s English Exercises for School-Boys to translate into Latin. Littlefield, p. 259.

34 The “x” refers to the marginal notation, indicating that there were enclosed with the account of the curriculum papers illustrating the work done by the students. These papers I have not found.

35 Lucius Florus, the historian.

36 Cf. Littlefield, p. 97.

37 That is, a dialogue making use of phrases found in Godwin.

38 Thomas Godwin’s Romanae Historiae Anthologia. An English Exposition of the Roman Antiquities, etc., the sixteenth edition of which, according to the Dictionary of National Biography, was printed in London in 1696.

39 William Walker published in 1653 his Treatise of English Particles, Shewing Much of the Variety of their Significations and Uses in English: And how to render them into Latine according to the Propriety and Elegancy of that Language. With a Praxis upon the same. See Littlefield, p. 222.

40 Cf. Mark Van Doren, The Poetry of John Dryden, pp. 6–8.

41 Catalogue of the Boston Latin School, 1886, “Catalogue,” pp. 6, 42–47.

42 Catalogue, Appendix, pp. 271–279.

43 H. F. Jenks, “Historical Sketch,” pp. 26–28.

44 In manuscript at the Massachusetts Historical Society. A photostat copy is in the Harvard College Library.

45 H. F. Jenks, “Historical Sketch,” pp. 35–37.

46 Id., pp. 42–45.

47 Id., p. 41 note.

48 B. Wendell, Cotton Mather, p. 35.

49 In March, 1710–11, Cotton Mather wrote in his Diary (ii. 49): “I am now concerned for the Welfare of the great Grammar School of the Town. I would unite Counsils with a learned, pious, honorable Visitor of the School, to introduce diverse good Intentions into it. This among the rest; that Castalio . . . be brought into the school.” “Castalio” was Sébastien Châteillon, 1515–1563, whose Dialogorum Sacrorum Libri Quatuor was for a long time a popular textbook.

50 For Eutropius and the books by John Clarke and William King, see Littlefield, pp. 259, 297, 300, 301.

51 J. F. Colby, Manual of the Constitution of New Hampshire, pp. 80–82.

52 5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 9.

53 In the printed version this word appears as “this,” but obviously Belknap intended “his.”

54 5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 8.

55 5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 450–453.

56 Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., i. 29, 36.

57 The original of this letter is in the Harvard College Library. In 1814, Levi Hedge (1766–1844), who graduated from Harvard in 1792, was Professor of Logic, Ethics, and Metaphysics at the college. In 1827 he became Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity. Parker Cleaveland (1780–1858) graduated from Harvard in 1799 and became in 1805 the first professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Bowdoin.

58 Probably Stoughton Hall, completed in 1805.

59 New England Quarterly, i. 226–242.

60 The present Faculty Room of University Hall.

61 Boston Journal, April 3, and Boston Courier, April 7, 1828. Shortly after, each of the three upper classes presented Dr. Kirkland with silver plate to the value of $120.

62 Diary of Frederick W. Holland (class of 1831) for April 1 and 2, Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Oct. 13, 1927, p. 73.

63 Remarks concerning the late Dr. Bowditch by the Rev. Dr. Palfrey, with the replies of Dr. Bomditch’s children. Boston, 1840. Also in N. I. Bowditch, Memoir of Nathaniel Bowditch (Cambridge, 1884), pp. 169–172.

64 The MS. is entitled “College History, by Nathaniel Bowditch.” It has been deposited in the Harvard University Archives.

65 2 Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, ix. 145–146.

66 Quincy, History of Harvard University, ii. 255. Although there had been persons not active teachers on the Corporation from an early period (see our Publications, xv. pp. ixiii–lxvii), they had almost invariably been ministers. The first distinctly lay and non-resident member of the Corporation, other than the treasurers, was Paul Dudley (1697); there were only two more before the election of John Lowell in 1784, when the lay and non-resident character of the Corporation became fixed, although there were exceptions. Professor Eliphalet Pearson was a member of the Corporation 1800–06, and Rev. James Walker, when a member of the Corporation, was chosen Alford Professor in 1838, and President in 1853. Mr. Justice Story held a law professorship and a fellowship in the Corporation simultaneously, 1829–45, and E. W. Gurney was elected fellow in 1886 when professor of history.

67 2 Jefferson MSS., Library of Congress, lxxxvii. 168.

68 Eliphalet Pearson then resigned both chair and fellowship to found the Andover Theological Seminary as a Calvinist haven.

69 Quincy, ii. 311.

70 Josiah Quincy, History of Harvard University, ii. 333–335.

71 John L. Sibley, MS. Private Journal (Massachusetts Historical Society), i. 5.

72 “Government-ology,” in MS. records of the class of 1815.

73 Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, x. 289.

74 Statistics compiled from the Faculty Records by Mr. Clifford K. Shipton. Ninety-three students entered in the calendar year of 1820. Of the non-New England element, there were one each from New York, Pennsylvania, and Alabama, two each from Maryland, Washington, D. C., Mississippi, and Louisiana, three from Virginia, and eleven from South Carolina. The proportion of Southern students in Harvard College has never been so high as in Kirkland’s day, and the only period that approached it was 1853–55. Twenty-five per cent of those entering in 1820 were Southerners. In Kirkland’s day, however, Harvard had very few students from the Middle or Western States; not more than four from the former in any one year, and in some years none; and only one Westerner in his entire administration.

75 Statistics compiled by Mr. Shipton. The graph representing five-year average number of graduating classes at Harvard is crossed by that of Yale for the first time in 1745–19. Harvard pulled ahead in 1760–64, 1785–89, and 1815–19; then Yale gained rapidly and remained well ahead until after the Civil War. Princeton was below both Harvard and Yale until 1835–39, when it passed Harvard, but was left behind ten years later.

76 Ripley MSS. Massachusetts Historical Society.

77 2 Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, ix. 150–151.

78 The Rebelliad, or Terrible Transactions at the Seat of the Muses. Boston, 1842.

79 The President, resident Professors and principal Tutors — corresponding to the modern Faculty of Arts and Sciences. It is referred to as “The Government” in Dodge’s narrative, below.

80 Among those who later defended Thomas Dorr when he was generally regarded as an outlaw were his classmate John Preston, then in the New Hampshire Senate, and George Bancroft, a tutor in the college during his senior year. Bancroft’s letter on behalf of Dorr was characterized by George Ticknor Curtis as seldom surpassed in “Studied insinuation” and “degree of depravity.” The Merits of Thomas W. Dorr and George W. Bancroft, by a Citizen of Massachusetts, Boston, 1845, p. 31.

81 “By Pickering Dodge” (MS. note by John L. Sibley, the Librarian when this document was received).

82 The Faculty Records (MS.) state for August 16, 1820: “The immediate Govt, having received information, that the Freshman Class were taking measures to have a supper at the Neponsit Hotel on the evening of their public examination: Voted, That the President be requested to take such measures, as he shall judge expedient to prevent its taking place. The President accordingly informed Blake 2d, Bryan, Bronson, Loring, Robinson & Amory, — with injunction to communicate the information to others of the Class, that the proposed entertainment is forbidden by the Law iv. Ch 5. — is a violation of an express order of the Govt. that Class suppers be not allowed, — and that should it take place the government will consider it as a high misdemeanor.” Faculty Records, ix. 234. This is the prohibition referred to: “To prevent those tumults and disorders, which are frequent at entertainments, and to guard against extravagance and needless expenses, no student shall make any festive entertainments in the College, or its vicinity, except at Commencement, and at public Exhibitions, with the permission of the President.”

83 Charles T. Haskell of Charleston, S. C. He was already well known to the faculty, in July having narrowly escaped suspension for having made “a disorderly and indecent noise to the disturbance and dishonor of the College.” On Aug. 7 he was charged with being “prodigal & dissipated” and reprimanded by the President. — Faculty Records, ix. 233.

84 William Amory (1804–88). There is a memoir of him by Oliver Wendell Holmes in 2 Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv. 414–417.

85 Frederick Bronson of New York.

86 Thomas Jefferson Bryan of Philadelphia.

87 The song is printed as it is given in the manuscript, written from memory nearly forty years after the verses were composed.

88 Levi Hedge, college professor of Logic and Metaphyeics.

89 Rev. John S. Popkin, D.D., professor of Greek, a popular teacher and college character, reputed to be the last man to wear a queue.

90 Ira H. S. Blanchard, tutor in Latin.

91 Complete failure, in the college slang of the day.

92 Sibley notes that this was the nickname of Dr. Henry Ware.

93 Aug. 17. “The Govt, received information that the Freshman Class had a Supper at the Neponsit Hotel last night. — The President, Prof. Frisbie & Mr. Emerson were appointed a committee to examine into the subject.” — Faculty Records, ix. 234.

94 They were rusticated under the charge of country parsons. On Oct. 25, “A letter was read from the Father of Haskell who was suspended in August, requesting that he may be permitted to pass the winter at home with his family in South Carolina. Voted that the request be not granted.” — Faculty Records, ix. 234–5, 240–1.

95 “It appeared that the door between the dining halls of the Sophomore & Freshman Classes was burst open from the Sophomores’ Hall, — that Articles of furniture from the tables were thrown through, and great disorder produced.” Faculty Records, ix. 241. Commons were then on the ground floor of University Hall.

96 Nathaniel B. Blunt of New York, Martin Gay of Hingham, later an eminent physician, John Clarke Lee of Salem. Both Lee and Gay were later fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

97 Robert T. Dunbar of Natchez, Mississippi. The split can still be seen in one of the stone steps to the north entry of Hollis, not Stoughton Hall.

98 The Faculty, after suspending Dunbar, Voted “That any student found to have a cannon-ball or bomb shell in his possession shall be fined not less than one dollar.” — Faculty Records, ix. 242. “Bat,” according to Sibley’s note, was Elisha Fuller (class of 1815), a resident graduate and proctor. I cannot identify “Professor Downing.”

99 Nathaniel Ingersoll Bowditch, son of the Navigator.

100 James Hayward, then tutor and later Hollis Professor of Mathematics.

101 “Nov. 4. It appeared that Greenough, a member of the Sophomore Class, on the evening of the 3rd Instant was guilty of an assault upon the windows of a College Officer; wherefore voted, That Greenough be rusticated. It appeared that Marsh was a principal Agent in throwing down heavy Balls from the upper story of one of the Colleges, accompanied with a deliberate insult to a College officer, wherefore voted.—That Marsh be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, ix. 242. John Greenough of Roxbury returned to the class below and took his degree in 1824. John Marsh of Danvers was readmitted and obtained his degree in course. He moved to the West, became one of the greatest physicians in the country, and took a part in the early revolutions and political intrigues in California. (Information from George D. Lyman, M.D., of San Francisco.)

102 “Nov. 5. Petitions were received from the several Classes of Students requesting that the punishments inflicted yesterday on Greenough & Marsh might be mitigated. — Voted, That the petitions be not granted. — It appeared that Adams, Bullock, Cutts, Harris, Elwyn, Locke, Roy, Taliaferro & Tayloe on the afternoon of Nov 4. assembled in the College yard, and united in a combination to absent themselves from evening prayers: — and that afternoon joined with others in a disorder in the Commons Hall to express resentment at the punishment inflicted on two of their fellow students; by which conduct they became liable to the same punishment, which had been inflicted on those students; — but whereas the Government are willing to try the experiment of a milder course for the purpose of restoring order to the College; therefore voted, that [Obadiah R.] Harris [of Sparta, Ga.] & Tayloe, appearing on evidence to have been conspicuous in the foregoing irregularities, be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, ix. 243.

103 For example, Caleb Stark (1823) gets into trouble for “poking Danforth with a cane, repeating this after Danforth had lifted the fire shovel in a menacing manner; upon which Danforth being very angry struck Stark with violence on the hand with the edge of the shovel.” — Faculty Records, ix. 244.

104 Feb. 20. “It appeared that Bronson and Bryan, who returned from suspension of Friday last, did on the Monday evening following go into the College Hall, tho’ neither of them board in commons, & that they were there & then cheered by their class, by hussas and clapping of hands; whereupon voted, that Bronson & Bryan be reprimanded by the President for the disorder of which they appeared to be the voluntary occasion. Voted, That in case of any disorder occurring on the departure of persons punished from College, or on their return, the Government, as authorized by Ch vii. Art xi of the College laws, will select for censure the persons so departing or returning, on whose account the disorder takes place.” Feb. 26, “Voted, That the communication of the above vote be suspended to some future time.” — Faculty Records, ix. 246.

105 “March 8. It appeared that several members of the sophomore class had been insulted by some of their classmates on account of the part thay had taken in favor of order, in the disorders of the last Term. Voted, That the President be requested to remonstrate with those Students, who are understood to have had a part in the insult, and to assure them, that unless they are discontinued, they will be subject to punishment.” — Faculty Records, ix. 249.

106 Mar. 13–16. “It was represented to the Government, that a considerable number of the Sophomore class had for some time been subjects of gross insult and abuse from their classmates. At the desire of some of the persons aggrieved, an inquiry was instituted by the Government, and the result was, that It appeared, that Sturgis and Dodge, members of the sophomore class had taken an active part in a series of insults directed towards a number of their fellow students on account of their having refused to join in a combination against the authority of the College — whereupon — Voted, that Sturgis be suspended to the 14th day of Dec. next, to pursue his studies under the care of Rev Dr Sanders of Medfield, Note — It was found that Sturgis had a list of the names of the students referred to, suspended in a frame in his room; and that he was one of the first to preserve and circulate a scurrilous and abusive libel of the same students, and that he joined with another in destroying the original copy. — Voted Also, That Dodge be suspended to the 14th December next, to pursue his studies under the care of Rev Mr White of Dedham. Note, it was found that Dodge was the first to procure a scurrilous & abusive libel of several of his fellow-students, which had been posted in a public place, –that he took several copies of it, and destroyed the original for the purpose of concealing the Author: that he distinguished himself afterward by his zeal & activity in communicating the same in a printed form among his classmates; and also by singing it in his room after notice has been given from the Government, that unless every species of insult should be immediately discontinued, exemplary punishment would be inflicted on the offenders.” —Faculty Records, ix. 249–250.

107 The first edition of “The Convention” poem is also interleaved with the Dodge MS.

108 Jackson Gutterson of Milford, N. H.

109 William L. Chaplin of Groton.

110 James Augustus Kendall of Plymouth.

111 William Gordon Prince of Boston.

112 Henry Augustus Bruce of Boston.

113 James Trask Woodbury of Francestown, N. H. A brother of Levi Woodbury. Afterwards minister of Acton, and a representative in the General Court.

114 Phineas S. Denny, A.M., of Leicester. Afterward changed his name to Thomas.

115 Wendell Bayard Davis of Sandwich.

116 Thomas Gray of Roxbury.

117 William Samuel Emerson of Kennebunk, Maine; M.D. Bowdoin.

118 Samuel Horatio Stearns of Bedford. “It was a principle with him, while a member of the university, that a college rebellion is never wise or right.” William Augustus Stearns, in Life and Select Discourses of Rev. Samuel H. Stearns, p. 28.

119 Ebenezer Dorr Child of Boston later changed his name to Edward Vernon Childe. Took his degree in course and did notable propaganda for the Union in Europe in 1860.

120 William Parsons Lunt of Dorchester, later S.T.D.; Instructor in Mathematics, Overseer, and member of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Chandler Robbins in a commemorative discourse for Lunt (Boston, 1857) says that he applied his full attention to study and took no part in student activity. Lunt published a tract on Moral Education (Quincy 1838), and his daughter published a volume of Gleanings from his prose and verse writings (Boston 1874).

121 John Wright of Westford.

122 Mar. 26 “Great disorder having taken place at the Declamation last week and the preceding, Voted, That information be given to the Sophomore & Freshman classes, that those, who attend the Declamation are required to sit in their proper places, and the Monitors to take notice who are present: Also, that the classes be cautioned to be orderly in their deportment, as the condition of their attending.” “Voted, That the President be requested to make an enquiry of members of the several Societies, who were out on the night of Friday last, for the purpose of ascertaining who were concerned in an outrage on the room of a College Officer, — Mr. Fuller.” — Faculty Records, ix. 250–251.

123 April 2. “It appeared that Walker, a member of the Sophomore Class was guilty of conducting himself with indecorum at the Declamation on Saturday, March 31st, and also on the same occasion of offering a gross insult to a fellow student: (It was that of hissing him when in the act of declaming,) And whereas Walker had before been generally negligent of his studies, and disorderly in his conduct, — therefore, Voted, That Walker be, and he accordingly hereby is dismissed from College.” — Faculty Records, ix. 251. May 1. From the report of the Overseers’ visiting committee: “That in regard to conduct and discipline there have been, since the last semi annual visitation, some disorders and disturbances of a serious nature, which required the infliction of several severe punishments. Order and subordination have however been restored, and the College is now in a good state of tranquillity.” — Overseers Records (MS), vi. 395. “May 5. It appeared, that the Engine Company met last evening at Tyng & Tucker’s room [Stoughton 15], and were riotous and noisy. —The officer of the Entry, Mr Blanchard, sent for the occupants of the room. Tucker came immediately, Tyng not till ten minutes afterward. —The noise, (blowing of a horn) was but partially stopped by the injunction of the officer. Other noise in the mean time increased. —The officer then went up himself to still the noise. —An attempt was made to prevent his being heard by loud noise and blowing of ye horn. Soon afterward they dispersed; but as they went down, violence wm committed on ye door of the officer by kicking or striking with a stick; and soon after, the window of the officer was broken. It was by Tyng’s invitation that the meeting was at his room. —Voted, that Tyng be fined for a riotous meeting at his room, 5.00. Voted, that the Engine Company be abolished.” — Faculty Records, ix. 253–254. Two days later Tyng was rusticated for using “highly insolent and offensive language” when ordered not to split wood in the entry.

124 Cornelius F. Coolidge of Dorchester, and Hampden Cutts of Portsmouth, N. H. “May 17. It appeared that Coolidge, a member of ye Sophomore Class, was concerned in producing a violent and dangerous explosion of Gunpowder, which took place in one of the College Entries on the evening of the 15th instant, wherefore Voted, that Coolidge be rusticated. It appeared that Cutts, a member of the Sophomore Class was guilty of knowing, aiding, and abetting the production of a violent & dangerous explosion of Gunpowder, etc. —, wherefore Voted, That Cutts be dismissed from College.” — Faculty Records, ix. 256.

125 John H. Dexter of Boston. He did not return to college. Dodge’s statement is confirmed by the Faculty Records. “Note. Dexter’s punishment was mitigated in consideration of his voluntary confession, & because ye explosion appeared to have been of a less dangerous kind, than had been supposed.” — Faculty Records, ix. 256.

126 George Peabody of Salem.

127 “July 16. Blunt was reported to have been again guilty of breaking open one of ye doors of University Hall by bursting the Bar — etc.” “Aug. 1. It appeared that Blunt, a member of the Sophomore Class, on account of a series of disorderly acts, was some time since told by the Government, that any repitition of acts of disorder would be punished by dismission from College: It further appeared, that he had since in several instances been guilty of acts of disorder, and particularly, that on July 20th without leave for the purpose, he was guilty of passing the day in shooting; — Wherefore, Voted, That Blunt be dismissed from College.” “Aug. 1. It appeared that Bruce, a member of the Sophomore Class, on the pretence of sickness, obtained leave of absence from the President; when enstead of going to his Uncle’s in Boston, who has ye care of him, he went to the house of Dr Bossuet, where he passed several days, not applying for medical advice, nor appearing to the Dr to be there on account of sickness — wherefore, Voted, That the Connections of Bruce be dissolved.” — Faculty Records, ix. 262, 267–268. He was afterwards readmitted and took his degree in course.

128 Robert J. Park (sic in Faculty Records) of Framingham. Never took a degree. Oct. 8. “It appeared that Park, a member of the Junior Class, did at the public Declamation on the 5th Instant, speak a piece which was not approved by the Professor of Rhetoric, in a manner producing, and evidently intended to produce disorder: It appeared also, yt he had in past time been irregular in his conduct, and neglectful of his studies, & had been admonished by more than one officer of the College; and the immediate Government of the College being satisfied, that his continuance at the University affords no reasonable prospect of benefit to himself, and is prejudicial to others, — therefore Voted, that Park be dismissed from College.” — Faculty Records, ix. 277–278.

129 July 18. “Great irregularity and disorder took place yesterday being the day of ye valedictory. — The Class marched in procession thro’ the several Streets of Cambridge, many in a state of intoxication, and conducting with gross indecency and insult as they passed the houses of some of the Officers; and in the College yard insulting the whole Authority by dancing around the rebellion tree with the vaunt of friendship & rebellion. Voted, That a Committee be appointed to report what measures shall be adopted for the purpose of preventing irregularities on future occasions. — To report a week from next Monday. — Prof Hedge, Prof Farrar, Mr [Caleb] Cushing.” — Faculty Records, ix. 263. This committee decided that in the future there must be no procession, no class dinner, no music, and no guests at Class Day, no holiday for the other classes, and that the Seniors must leave town directly after dinner. — Faculty Records, ix. 265–266.

130 Andrew A. Locke of Hingham.

131 Alfred Langdon-Elwyn, of Portsmouth, N. H., took his degree in course. He was the originator of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society and farm school, president of it and of the Pennsylvania institute for the blind, the training school for feeble minded, and the society for prevention of cruelty to animals. “It appeared that Elwyn, a member of ye Junior Class, notwithstanding measures employed by the Government for his reformation, continued to be negligent of his studies, and guilty of habitual indecorum in his deportment; and that was particularly guilty of profaneness at an exercise in the presence of his Class; and he having been heretofore informed, that unless his habits of study and conduct were corrected, he would be dismissed from College: — Therefore, Voted, — that Elwyn be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, ix. 296.

132 James P. Roy of Matthews County, Virginia. Feb. 25. “It was understood by the Govt. Jan. 21. that Dunbar & Roy were contracting debts at the Marlboro’ Hotel. — Prest. & Prof. Hodge were appointed a Committee to make inquiry and to take measures to have the law complied with. Feb. 26. It appeared that Roy, a member of the Junior Class, having been directed, on the 21st of January, to leave a public house in Boston, where he had been boarding, neglected to comply with the direction, but returning immediately after the direction had been given to him, remained there till the end of the vacation, — wherefore, Voted, — That Roy be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, rx. 289.

133 May 14. “Voted, That the Officers of the military company viz Captain, Lieut: & Ensign be repremanded for entertainment at Fresh Pond Hotel contrary to law; and that they be informed; that a repetition of the offence will cause the company to be dissolved.” — Faculty Records, ix. 296. “July 13. In consequence of the circumstances which attended the visit of the military Company to Capt Shaw at Charlestown June 29th. Voted, That the liberty of going out of town on private invitation be withdrawn from the Company. — Voted, That the name of Manning, on account of his agency in the transaction above alluded to, be struck off from the Performances at Commencement. Voted, That the President and Professor Everett be requested to inform Capt Hall of the measures which the Govt. have taken on the above subject; and also of the representations under which liberty was obtained by the Company to visit Capt Sham.” — Faculty Records, ix. 305–306.

134 James Dandridge Halyburton of Richmond, judge of the U.S. District Court of Eastern Virginia, 1847–61. July 1. “Halyburton, — his case deferred, & Mr Folsom to enquire respecting his remarkable absences.” Faculty Records, ix. 300. Dec. 16. “The Father of Halyburton applying to have his son take up his connexions and join the law School, Voted, That the Government do not consent to it.” — Faculty Records, x. 12.

135 Charles Folsom (class of 1813), Tutor in Latin.

136 “Nov. 22. A disorder took place on the 21. at evening prayers, chiefly in the Senior Class by repeated noise with the feet during the reading of the Scriptures. The President, Dr Ware, Prof. Everett & Mr. [George] Otis were appointed a committee to make inquiry on the subject. Several students were sent for and examined. A report was made to the Government who resolved to apply the law of selection. Farley 1, Farley 2, Dodge and Crowninshield were selected. — Then Voted, That information be given, that certain Students are actually selected for punishment, — who will be dismissed, if the disorder shall be repeated; but that if not, the punishment will not take effect. — NB. The disorder was not repeated.” — Faculty Records, x. 10.

137 John Paul Robinson of Dover, New Hampshire. He had already (March 25) been “admonished for irregular conduct and subsequent improper language in the presence of the Government.” — Faculty Records, x. 22.

138 Solomon Pearson Miles, Tutor in Mathematics.

139 Eben Farley of Boston, April 23. “It appeared that between 10 & 11 o’clock the last evening there was a bonfire in the field back of the shrubbery behind University Hall, and that, notwithstanding the public notice given by the President a few weeks since Farley 1 was seen going toward the fire, — wherefore, Voted, That Farley 1st be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, x. 26.

140 Robinson was to speak last, giving a fifteen minute oration in English. Woodbury and Borland were allowed sixteen minutes for “a philosophical disputation. On the advantages arising from the division of mankind into independent communities.” — Faculty Records, x. 22.

141 The Robinson affair is thus related in the Faculty Records and Waste Book:

April 9. “Robinson of the Senior Class charged with having been dissolute. Voted, That Robinson be dismissed — 6 yeas, 5 nays. Voted, That the Sentence be not immediately executed — 6 nays, 5 yeas.”

April 11. “Voted, That the above sentence be executed — 6 to 4. — Reconsidered. Voted, That Robinson be dismissed — 7 to three.” — Waste Book of 1823–24. “April 11. It appeared to the satisfaction of the Govt, that Robinson, a member of the Senior Class had been guilty of such loose and immoral conduct as to render him an unfit member of the society, wherefore, Voted, — That Robinson be dismissed. Voted, That the above sentence be communicated on Monday next. Voted, That the above sentence be not carried into execution if Robinson shall choose to withdraw from College.” — Faculty Records, x. 25.

“April 14. The vote for the dismission of Robinson was reconsidered by the casting vote of the President. Yeas, Pres., Prof Hedge, Dr Popkin, Prof Willard, Prof Everett, Mr Miles. Nays, Ware, Channing, Folsom, Otis, Hayward.” — Waste Book.

“Voted, That Robinson be informed, that under present circumstances, the Govt, do not take any further notice of his character and conduct, except, that all further assistance will be withheld from him, and that the Performance assigned to him for the Exhibition is withdrawn.” — Faculty Records, x. 25.

142 George Henry Calvert of Prince George County, Maryland. The year following his expulsion Calvert traveled in Europe and studied in German universities, publishing an interesting account of his experiences, First Years in Europe, 1866. He published two other later collections of his writings, Miscellany of Verse and Prose, 1840, and Brief Essays and Brevities, 1874.

143 “Your Committee attended an Exhibition in which the performers, who were of the senior and junior classes acquitted themselves remarkably well, & gave honorable display of talents & attainments. The gratification however, which the occasion afforded, received however an interruption, in consequence of the expression of dislike, which followed the last speaker, though his oratory and what he delivered deserved high commendation. But your Committee learned afterward, that this was the ebullition of that unpleasant discordance and jealousy in the senior, to which we have already referred.” — Overseers’ Records, vi. 488.

144 “May 1. At a meeting — Voted That Sturgis & Robinson be dismissed. [May] 2. At a meeting, Voted, To reconsider the vote as respects Sturgis. Yea: Miles, Otis, Everett, Channing, Popkin, President. Nay; Hay ward, Bancroft, Folsom, Hedge, Ware. Voted, To reconsider the vote as respects Robinson Yea: Bancroft, Everett, Popkin, Hedge, Ware, President. Nay; Miles, Hayward, Otis, Folsom, Channing. Voted, That the last vote be reconsidered, and that agreebly to the vote passed yesterday, — Robinson be dismissed.” — Faculty Waste Book for 1823–24. The formal record agrees.

145 “Professor Channing ordered them to go to their rooms. I heard him.” MS. note by John L. Sibley (Class of 1825).

146 “At a meeting ½ past 2. P.M. It appeared that Locke and Walker 1. at the public declamation, were actively concerned in a riot together with a violent assault on one of the students of the college: — it appeared also, that at the same pub. declamation Dodge 1 & Lee were actively concerned in a riot together with a violent assault on one of the students of the College; and subsequently of contumacious resistance of a college officer, — wherefore, Voted, That Locke, Walker, Dodge, & Lee be expelled.” — Faculty Records, x. 27.

147 The faculty then met and voted the expulsion of four more Seniors (Faculty Records, x. 27), but before the axe could fall on these victims, the occurrences of the next morning precipitated the general debacle.

148 The Rebellion Tree was a large elm on the Yard side of Hollis. For the part played by this tree in the Rebellion of 1818, see Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past (1883), pp. 20–21.

149 Ellis G. Loring and Daniel Weld of Boston.

150 “It appeared that the students named below, members of the Senior Class, were engaged in a combination to resist the authority of the college, — wherefore Voted that they be dismissed.” — Faculty Records, x. 28. For the names see text.

151 I have added the date when those who subsequently received a Harvard degree, obtained it. The others do not appear in the Quinquennial Catalogue.

152 June 2. “Blunt is allowed to take up his connections but cannot have a regular dismission, — having staid away from College without permission, and giving as a reason for leaving college, that he had pledged himself to the combination.” — Faculty Records, x. 32.

153 “Hodges, after receiving the Sentence of dismission, was guilty of gross profaneness, and acts of violence in the College Yard. He was sent for by the Govt, and cautioned by the President against repeating such acts, as might expose him to higher punishment, and also to a civil process for assault and battery, and trespass. He promised to behave with decorum, yet returning to the College Yard, was again guilty of gross and loud profaneness.” — Faculty Records, x. 28.

154 A mistake. Newell was not dismissed, and took his degree in course.

155 Charles Pickering of Salem; he became an eminent naturalist, a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a Fellow of the American Academy. His Chronological History of Plants, published posthumously, contains a memoir.

156 Aug. 18. “The Government were informed that Child had taken a journey for his health, hoping to be excused, on the ground of ill health, from performing his part at Commencement. — Voted, That his excuse be not allowed. Voted, That Child’s name be stricken off from the list of performances for Commencement. Voted, That Tayloe be informed, that he is required to be present, and to perform his part at Commencement. Aug. 27. Chaplin having neglected to perform studies which were required of him and giving no satisfactory reason for the neglect, is not recomended for a degree. Bronson & Tayloe having neglected to prepare for performing the parts assigned them for Commencement, the recommendation for a Degree with their class is withheld from them.” — Faculty Records, x. 50–1.

157 Harvard College Papers (MS.), x. 58.

158 Faculty Records, x. 81 (May 29, 1823). The draft from which we print the letter is in x. 34–41.

159 A distinct case of presidential vacillation occurred on August 19, 1825, when the father of Francis Hilliard petitioned that his son be admitted to a degree. The Government voted, 6 to 5, that the petition be granted. The President then withdrew his name from the vote, leaving the faculty equally divided, and Hilliard did not get his degree until 1842.—Faculty Records, x. 100.

160 Nathaniel Bowditch, College History (MS.), pp. 94–95.

161 Certain Professors gave lectures which upper classmen were compelled to attend with their bodies, but not their brains, as they were not examined in the subject of the lectures, and did no reading in connection with them. When Ticknor tried examining the students on his lectures, many refused to be examined, and the Professor was unable to do anything about it. Ticknor’s Letters, pp. 43, 44.

162 George Ticknor, Remarks on Changes Lately Proposed or Adopted in Harvard University, p. 6.

163 There is a significant reply of the Faculty to the Overseers’ question: “What are the usual bodily exercises and amusements of the students, and what time is allowed for them?”

“The military company, composed of about twelve Seniors and from thirty-five to forty Juniors, practise military drill exercises in the intervals between study hours from the first of May to the end of October. A limited number attend a dancing school in the evening during a part of the year; and another small portion of the scholars take lessons in fencing, which, however, the Government rather discourage as being expensive, and causing too much interruption of study. In the Spring and Autumn there is occasional playing at ball; but there is a want of some system for bodily exercise. Individuals make a point of brisk walking daily; but a large number, as is too common with persons of sedentary pursuits, are negligent in this respect.” — Report of a Committee of the Overseers of Harvard College, January 6, 1825 (Cambridge, 1825), part III. p. 47. In 1826 the Corporation established an open-air gymnasium on the Delta (the site of Memorial Hall) and placed Charles Follen in charge. Our late associate Edward M. Hartwell has written an account of this first college gymnasium in America, in Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, No. 5 (1885), p.23.

164 Hitherto, and since the earliest days of the College, the long vacation had been in winter, in order to enable poor students to teach a district school. By 1824, very few were availing themselves of the privilege. There is a delightful account of this undergraduate school teaching in Frothingham’s George Ripley.

165 The Code did not, however, adopt an interesting suggestion of the Story committee, that a board of three officers resident in each college hall should have sole jurisdiction over the discipline of that building, unless the offence were serious enough to merit expulsion.

166 The suggestion of the Story committee that each department should have the right to nominate persons for promotion to vacancies within its membership was not adopted, but each department was given limited right to regulate the studies within its sphere.

167 Statutes and Laws of University in Cambridge, 1825. Chapter vi, p. 19, no. 61.

168 Mr. Ticknor’s Remarks on Changes in Harvard College, p. 40.

169 Only resident professors and the more important tutors were included in the Immediate Government, or Faculty. Ticknor lived in Boston, as the terms of the Smith chair did not require residence at Cambridge.

170 This was one of the objections that Andrews Norton made against the Overseers’ report (Remarks on a Report of a Committee, by one lately a member of the Immediate Government, Cambridge, 1824).

171 Ticknor’s Letters (H. U. Archives, 1816–28, fol. 42.; cf. 47, 48, 56.) Kirkland is hardly mentioned in Ticknor’s Letters and Journals, but much later Ticknor wrote: “President Kirkland will always be remembered by those who knew him, not only for the richness and originality of his mind and for his great perspicacity, but for the kindliness of his nature.” Life of William Prescott, p. 14, ii.

172 Cazneau Palfrey (1826) in Harvard Register, ii. 175 (1880). On April 22, 1823, two Freshmen were rusticated for “an assault on the windows of Mr. Bancroft” — the future historian. The next day Mr. Bancroft bowed to the unanimous request of the Freshmen “to change the mode of their instruction according to their wishes,” upon which the sentence over the two window-breakers was revoked.—Faculty Records, x. 26. This was not the only time Mr. Tutor Bancroft’s windows were broken. Cf. Edward Jarvis (1826), Ms. Autobiography, p. 5; J. S. Bassett, The Middle Group of American Historians, p. 145; Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, vi. 17.

173 Henry Ware et al., To the Reverend and Honorable the Corporation of Harvard University (Cambridge, 1824, pp. 30). Professor Channing was the only member of the Faculty who did not sign.

174 Quincy, History of Harvard University, chapter xiv.

175 Quincy, History of Haward University, chapter xxxv; and pamphlets there cited. Ticknor, Remarks, pp. 11–32. The case for the teachers is best stated in Andrews Norton’s Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, February 3, 1825, in behalf of the Resident Instructers [sic], Boston, 1825.

176 Bowditch, College History, p. 71; Faculty Records, x. 117–19; Corporation Records, x. 856. “Several of the Faculty made report [that Law 61 has] occasioned disorders and dissatisfaction, without perceptibly tending to increase scholarship, and has occasioned complaint among parents as well as teachers.” — Report of Visiting Committee of Overseers, Jan. 18, 1827, Overseers’ Records, vii. 335.

177 Quincy, ii. 369–70; Faculty Records, x. 134–7; Bowditch charges (College History, p. 13) that the President tried to railroad a repeal of Law 61 through the Corporation at the close of a meeting, when most of the members were departing. The law was suspended Nov. 27, 1826, and its modification consented to by the Overseers Feb. 1, 1827.

178 Ticknor to Kirkland, Oct. 4, 1825. Ticknor Letters, fol. 48, 49, criticizing the President.

179 Vote of Jan. 4, 1826. —Faculty Records, x. 116.

180 Ticknor wanted to abolish the division into Freshman, Sophomore, etc., classes, “that the whole course be thrown open as in some foreign universities.” — Overseers’ Records, vii. 336; Ticknor’s Letters, 51. This was effected by the course system and free électives in the Eliot administration, classes being retained only as a social unit.

181 Charles Follen, the gifted German scholar and patriot; Francis Sales, for French and Spanish; and Pietro Bachi, for Italian and Spanish.

182 Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, i. 365–69; Ticknor’s MS. report of June 5, 1828, in Reports to Overseers, i. 67–69. The first presidential annual report (for 1825–6, Cambridge, 1827) contains a most interesting and detailed tabular view, showing the number of students in each section, the books studied, and comparative progress.

183 Report of a Committee of the Overseers, January 6, 1825, Part I. pp. 17–19. (Cambridge, 1825.)

184 Quincy, ii. 360.

185 See his memoir by Charles K. Bolton in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, xlvii. 529–34.

186 See above, p. 61.

187 John L. Sibley, Private Journal (MS.), i. 3.

188 Bowditch, College History, p. 6; the corporation records were so badly kept at this period — as Bowditch complained — that without his remarks one could not understand the Corporation notes on this subject; e.g. College Records, x. 856, 858.

189 College Records, x. 856,; 1827–36, pp. 29–31.

190 Bowditch, p. 16, et. seq.; College Records, x. 855; 1827–36, p. 31.

191 Bowditch, pp. 22–31, 48–53; College Records, 1827–36, p. 31. Charles Sanders, the new Steward, “tells the students, when on a bill of seventy dollars they bring him 12 cents instead of 12½, that it will do this time, but that it is not what they owe him. The half cent he will sometimes give up, but he will hang on exceedingly hard for three-quarters of one.” Letter of John O. Sargent (1830), May 22, 1828, Harvard College Library.

192 “There was no coal burnt when I was in College” (John L. Sibley of the class of 1825, Private Journal, i. 7). Within five years the use of coal in grates became common.

193 Bowditch, College History, pp. 28–30; Overseers’ Records, vii. 412; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past (1883), p. 41; College Records, 1827–36, pp. 17, 56.

194 New by-laws for the Corporation were adopted April 12, 1827, and appear at the head of a new book of Corporation Records (College Records, 1827–36) kept by F. C. Gray, which is in marked contrast to the former haphazard records kept by Dr. Kirkland in loose sheets and small blank books. Cf. Quincy, History of Harvard University, ii. 367.

195 Their report, as adopted by the Corporation, is in Overseers’ Records, vii. 405–17.

196 Bowditch, College History, pp. 68–72; College Records, 1827–36, pp. 3–10, 35, 54–58. No new Rumford Professor was appointed until 1834, or Royall Professor until 1829. The emoluments of these chairs were so inconsiderable that they could only be held by non-residents who had other occupations; Ticknor consented to remain (much to the President’s disappointment, says Bowditch, p. 73) although his salary was reduced to $600. Dr. Bigelow retained the chair of Materia Medics in the Medical School. — George E. Ellis, Memoir of Jacob Bigelow (Cambridge, 1880, reprinted from Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings).

197 College History, pp. 70–75, 84; College Records, 1827–36, p. 12.

198 College Records, 1827–36, pp. 37–42, 49, 51, 57.

199 Letter of John O. Sargent (class of 1830), May 22, 1828, Harvard College Library.

200 College Records, x. 461; 1827–36, p. 54.

201 Ticknor’s Letters, fol. 90

202 College Records, 1827–36, p. 60.

203 Id., p. 62.

204 The only reference to this in the Corporation Records is: “The Treasurer laid before the Board a communication from the Steward. Voted That the Steward be authorized to defer fitting up the recitation rooms for the modern languages until the vacation before Commencement.” — College Records, 182736, p. 65.

205 College Papers (MSS.), Second Series, ii. 236; Bowditch, pp. 126–27.

206 College Papers (MSS.), Second Series, ii. 236.

207 See page 56, note 2.

208 Quincy, ii. 371.

209 2 Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, ix. 151–52.

210 Our Publications, xv. 37, 197. Cf., xx. 113 note.

211 xv. 21.

212 xxv. 252.

213 A single copy only is extant of the 1643 broadside presently to be mentioned; of the 1648 edition of the Colony Laws; of The Present State of the New-English Affairs, 1689 (cf. our Publications, ix. 421, x. 310–320); and of Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, 1690 (ix. 421, x. 314). Moreover, all these copies have come to light only in recent years. And of course, of many books and broadsides known to have been printed no copies are extant.

214 Mather Papers, p. 516. Cf. our Publications, xxv. 244–253.

215 Our Publications, iv. 295, 297–298.

216 Massachusetts Colony Records, ii. 22.

217 Our Publications, xvii. 116. In 1905 Robert F. Roden, under the date of “1643 (?)” gave the title. “[Capital Laws of Massachusetts Bay. Cambridge, Stephen Daye, 1643],” and said: “This is the ‘Body of Liberties,’ the first code, prepared by Nathaniel Ward. The Cambridge edition is referred to in the preface of ‘New England’s Jonas,’ London, 1647; but no copy is extant” (Carnbridge Press, 1638–1692, p. 146). Roden was in error in calling it the Body of Liberties.

218 An obvious misprint for “Alley.”

219 See the illustration facing p. 116.

220 Acts and Laws of New-Hampshire (Portsmouth, 1771), p. 51. 13 Anne, Cap. xxxviii.

221 New Hampshire State Papers, i. 396–397.

222 Belknap, History of New Hampshire, in. 280.

223 See note 67, p. 147.

224 The names of women who instructed “young ladies” and “Misses” in reading, writing, spelling, and needlework, and of men who taught only dancing, fencing, or singing (“psalmody”) are omitted.

225 Notes referring to each individual in this list are given on pages 135–156. The numbering of the notes agrees with the numbering of the names in the list.

226 The dates given are those which occur in the records. It would be impossible to verify inclusive dates for all.

227 The numbers in this list agree with those in the Chronological List above and with those used in the notes on pp. 135–156.

228 It will be observed that Judge Brooks was twelve years of age when his grandfather died and thirty-nine years old when his father died.

229 Miss Elsie Roberts, formerly of Philadelphia, who lived in Concord up to the time of her death.

230 First edition, 1831, pp. 73, 74, and 87 note. Second edition, 1856, pp. 157, 158. The first edition appeared a year before Doolittle’s death. Barber had worked with Doolittle and drew his account from him.

231 Publications of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, viii 132–150.

232 The Rev. Mr. Beardsley says: “They did not go as the Governor’s Foot Guard but as the New Haven Cadets.” Ezra Stiles in his Diary (1. 540) says under date of February 26: “The news of Lexington reached New Haven on Friday night — & on Ldsday Morn^g the Comp^a of Cadets marched from New Haven Via Hartfd for Boston.”

233 William Dunlap’s History of The Arts of Design in the United States (1918), 1. 183, 184, 263, 264, and 264 note. Earl was a portrait painter of some importance, who studied after the Revolution under Benjamin West, but is said to have “destroyed himself by habitual intemperance.”

234 This was the present Elm wood. Oliver had removed to Boston in the previous year and subsequently left there for England at the time of the Evacuation of Boston in March, 1776.

235 I am indebted to Mr. Andrew Keogh, Librarian of Yale University, for a photostat of the page of the Connecticut Journal, December 13, 1775, on which the advertisement appears.

236 Acts of 1719, Chapter 8, passed November 7, 1719.

237 The clergy had expressed the view 20 years earlier — that lotteries were “a plain cheat upon the people” yet “such is the corruption of mankind, that the mere hope of getting the riches of other men without the doing the service of anything for it, will engage men to run the hazard of being losers.” Judgment of the ministers made at Boston, in May, 1699, quoted in a lecture on lotteries by George William Gordon to the Young Men’s Society (printed by the Temperance Press, Boston, 1833), p. 10.

238 F. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (1895), ii. 83–86; see also Province Laws, iv. 133–142, notes.

239 Acts of 1744–1745, Chapter 20, passed January 9, 1745, to raise £7500 for the expenses of an expedition for relief of Annapolis; Acts of 1757–1758, Chapter 35, passed April 29, 1758, to raise £30,000 for the “intended expedition against Canada.” (Under Abercrombie.)

240 Acts of 1760–1761, Chapter 26.

241 Acts of 1759–1760, Chapter 25. See also our Publications, nr. 36; iv. 59.

242 Acts of 1780, Chapter 15.

243 Act of November 9, 1786. The President and Fellows of Harvard College bought twenty tickets in this lottery by virtue of which they became the owners of ten lots covering 2720 acres of wilderness. (Corporation Records, in. 272, 320. References in these notes are to the set of records in the office of the President at University Hall, Cambridge.) The vote directs the treasurer “to purchase twenty tickets in the land lottery with Pierce’s final settlement notes now in the treasury.”

244 Acts of 1760, Chapter 35.

245 Acts of 1757–1758, Chapter 14.

246 Acts of 1779–1780, Chapter 4.

247 Independent Chronicle, Apr. 10, 1794; Nov. 23, 1795; Oct. 16, 1809.

248 Cf: W. C. Lane, “New Hampshire’s Part in Restoring the Library,” in our Publications, xxv. 24, 28.

249 Resolves of 1762–1763, Chapters 65, 71, 328; Resolves of 1763–1764, Chapters 149, 230. See also J. Quincy, History of Harvard College, ii. 100–101, 112–113, 479–481.

250 Id., i. 180.

251 The average number in the graduating class from 1755 to 1764 was 34, as against 23 in the preceding decade. Harvard Quinquennial Catalogue.

252 Chap. 21 Acts of 1765, passed June 25, 1765.

253 Thomas Hubbard graduated in the class of 1721 and was treasurer of the college from 1752 until his death in 1773. He was a member of the General Court and the Provincial Council. He contributed £100 for the building of the new Harvard Hall and left £300 to the college by his will. (Quincy, ii. 101, 158.) Thomas Flucker was secretary of the Province. (Id., ii. 153, 458.)

Edward Holyoke was president of the college. He died in 1769. John Winthrop held the Hollis professorship of mathematics, and natural and experimental philosophy. On the death of President Holyoke he was chosen president, but declined the office. (Id., ii. 25, 149.)

254 Corporation Records, ii. 320.

255 Id., ii. 352. The office of president was held by Samuel Locke, who had succeeded President Holyoke. The presidency had been offered to Andrew Eliot and Samuel Cooper, the other members of the Committee, but both had declined. (Quincy, ii. 151–154, 161.)

256 Id., ii. 365.

257 Id., ii. 369.

258 Acts of 1772, Chapter 16, passed July 2. Jonathan Mason was a merchant and deacon of the Old South Church. Thinking the atmosphere at Harvard heretical, he sent his son to Princeton, but gave a legacy of $500 to the President and Fellows of Harvard College to support a professorship of divinity.

259 “Whereas the Managers of the College Lottery have made application to this Board, representing that they cannot go on with s’d Lottery, but are determined forthwith to resign their trust, unless the College will engage to take off a number of the tickets which remain unsold; and that if sufficient encouragement may be given them this way, they hope to sell the remainder, & will proceed to fix on the first day of June next for the time of drawing; the Corporation, considering that this Lottery was designed by the General Court for a purpose of great importance to the College, & judging it their duty to do everything in their power to prevent the failure of so good a design . . .

“VOTED: That the College will take to their own account, at the risque of the proposed profits, two thousand tickets, if so many shall remain unsold at the time fixed for drawing.” (Corporation Records, ii. 415.)

260 Ibid.

261 Samuel Eliot founded the professorship of Greek Literature; Aaron Dexter was professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica for 33 years from 1783. (Quincy, ii. 267, 270, 308, 313.)

262 Acts of 1788, Chapter 24, passed November 21, 1788. A copy bearing the signature of Governor John Hancock is in the collection of Harvard College Papers, in. No. 61, in the Harvard College Library.

263 A. R. Spofford, “Lotteries in American History,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1892, p. 179.

264 The following documents in the collection of Harvard College papers in Widener Library relate to this lottery:

265 Corporation Records, March 31, 1789, III. 331. Copy of vote in Harvard College Papers, iii, Supp., No. 31.

266 Messrs. Walton, reporting on the work done in getting “stuff and nails out of Stoughton College” estimated the stuff saved £207 and 43,000 nails of a value of £430. (Corporation Records, iii. 365, November 23, 1779.)

267 At a meeting of the Corporation held October 2, 1781, it was voted — “To dispose of Stoughton Hall, as it now stands, to some person who will engage to remove it from the ground.” (Corporation Records in. 131.) Below this is a note — “Stoughton Hall was purchased at public auction for the College.” At a meeting of the Corporation held November 13, 1781, it was voted — “That Deacon Aaron Hill have the liberty to take down the walls of Stoughton Hall and clean the bricks, preserving for the use of the College one-half the bricks, which he is Carefully to pile up, leaving the corner stones, the stones in the celler with Governor Stoughton’s arms and the inscription under, and remove the rubbish, and for his time and trouble to have the other half of the bricks.” (Id., iii. 132.)

268 At a meeting of the Corporation held February 17, 1786, it was voted that, “Mr. Lowell, the Treasurer, and Dr. Howard be a committee to take measures to revive the Lottery granted to the University by the General Court before the commencement of the late War, for the purpose of building a college, which is now much wanted.” (Id., iii. 251.) At this time Joseph Willard held the office of president. John Lowell, one of the foremost lawyers of the time, had succeeded Dr. Cooper as a member of the Corporation. Ebenezer Storer held the office of treasurer. (Quincy, ii. 196–97, 244, 255–56.)

269 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii. 216–17.

270 Petition to the Honorable The Senate and Honorable House of Representatives in General Court assembled. Humbly represent the President and Fellows of Harvard College that the Buildings now erected for the Accommodation of the Students have been long insufficient for that purpose, by which means an unequal charge falls on some of them who are compelled to procure lodgings &c in private families, that the Legislature, impressed with the propriety of causing another building to be erected, in 1772, granted a Lottery for that purpose, w’ch Grant still exists in full force, but the sale of the tickets being interrupted by the late War & several of the Managers having since died, that said corporation pray Your Honors that the Vacancies may be filled up so that they may be able to proceed in so necessary a business. . . . They have hitherto avoided making an application for this purpose as many Lotteries for public objects have been lately in operation, all of which are now finished.

By order and in behalf of the Corporation.

(Sgd.) Joseph Willard, President, June 3, 1793.”

(Harvard College Papers, iii. No. 155.)

271 Acts of 1794, Chapter 1. See also Quincy, ii. 273.

272 A letter to the Salem Gazette, June 29, 1790, argues in support of lotteries:— “There exists a spirit of adventure in all societies which will lead a number to throw themselves into the hands of Chance in one way or another, and which under the direction of a wise legislature may be made to subserve their best interests. The moneys raised by lotteries cannot impoverish the community as they are not sent abroad but only taken out of one pocket and put into another.” (Reprinted in H. M. Brooks, Curiosities of the Lottery, p. 55.) Jefferson held lotteries no more immoral than any occupation depending for its success upon chance. (Works, ed. P. L. Ford, x. 362.) On the other hand lotteries were condemned as tending to ruin the prosperity and the morals of the people. See for example A. O. Stansbury’s Address to the Missionary Society of New York, 1813, in the course of a debate on the propriety of retaining a ticket in the Union College Lottery which had been deposited in the contribution box. (The Society voted to postpone its decision until after the drawing.) For a brief history of lotteries in Europe and America, and a fair presentation of the case against them, see a lecture by George William Gordon to the Boston Young Men’s Society in 1833. (Printed by the Temperance Press, Boston. A copy is in the Boston Athenaeum.)

273 “As the enemy approached our Men were not only exposed to the Attack of a very numerous Musketry, but to the heavy Fire of the Battery on Copps Hill, four or five men-of-war, several armed Boats or floating Batteries in Mistick River and a number of Field Pieces.” New England Chronicle, June 22, 1775, “printed by Samuel and Ebenezer Hall at their office in Stoughton Hall, Harvard College,” to which they had moved from the Town House in Salem. See Id., May 12, 1775.

274 Diary of William Bentley, i 157, April 1, 1790. On January 24, 1791, he writes — “The rage of lotteries increases every day.” (Id., i. 231.)

275 Id., II. 97, 83. Rev. Gideon Hawley, missionary to the Mashpee Indians at an annual salary of $175, wrote to the Treasurer of the College December 10, 1794: “My son James, the bearer, will need money to discharge his arrears and it is needed at home. My salary from the Corporation was paid up to the last of May and now two quarters is supposed to be due to me. You will therefore please pay my son $50., as Treasurer of Harvard College, and he will return you five dolls, the price of the ticket in the Lottery which I wrote you (to) buy me and deposit with Doctor Thatcher. When James knows its number he may inquire further about it . . . My son James has commenced a preacher of the Gospel to good acceptance. . . .” On Sept. 13, 1796, Mr. Hawley wrote to the Treasurer: “In case my son James will pay for half a ticket in the College Lottery . . . I will agree to adventure half a ticket in the same provided you will credit me five dolls, to be paid out of my present quarter which will terminate in November next. Nevertheless having never been successful in Lotteries I should not have made the proposal had not this been in favor of the course of literature . . .” November 3, 1796, he wrote to the Treasurer again, requesting him to buy the half ticket whether or not his son James took the other half. (Harvard College Papers, iii., Nos. 173, 202, 204.)

276 Salem Gazette, February 25, 1794. Reprinted in Brooks, p. 57.

277 Joel Barlow was born in Connecticut in 1754, but lived in France during the Revolution and was identified with the Girondist party. He was Consul at Algiers, 1795–1797, and Minister of the United States to France, 1811–1812. He wrote The Vision of Columbus, Hasty Pudding, and some other poems. But in spite of the respect which delegates to the French National Assembly had for him, it seems as if Mr. Bentley gives him more credit for their action than his letter deserved. A more persuasive argument was that lotteries violated the basic principles of the Revolution in that they tended to an unequal distribution of wealth and the creation of a new class of idle rich. Opinion de J. s. B. Delmas, Président du Conseil des Anciens, sur la Résolution du 4 Germinal, An 5, rélative à l’Etablissement d’une Lottérie Nationale. (Boston Athenaeum.)

278 In Boston the most active lottery offices were those of Gilbert & Dean at 79 State Street and W. & T. Kidder at 9 Market Square. The following advertisements in the semi-weekly newspapers are typical:

From the Independent Chronicle, March 8, 1808:

Immediately following the above is the advertisement of W. & T. Kidder, which concludes as follows: “It is a circumstance truly worthy of remark, and which will be noticed by all those who court the smiles of Fortune, that nearly all the high prizes in this Lottery were sold at Kidder’s Lucky Lottery Office, which has now gained a high rank among those styled ‘fortunate.’”

From the Independent Chronicle, April 6, 1808:

“The Embargo Act,” referred to in the advertisement, “remained in force from December 22, 1807, to March 15, 1809,” and “forbade any American vessel to clear from an American harbor for a foreign port, and placed coasting and fishing vessels under heavy bonds not to land their cargoes outside the United States. Another act, which went into effect at the same time, forbade the importation of many British goods.” (S. E. Morison, Maritime History of Massachusetts, p. 187.)

D. Beaman sold tickets at “Beaman’s Real and Truly Fortunate Lottery Office” at 1 Sumner Street, opposite the northwest corner of the new State House, and accepted prize tickets and Detroit bank bills in payment. (Independent Chronicle, July 4, 1808.) Others who sold tickets in Boston were Wright, Goodwin & Stockwell, 27 Union Street, “who have for sale best Spanish cigars by the box or less,” as well as stationery and books and periodicals. Also Eben Larkin, 50 Cornhill; Mathew Park, 2 Town Dock; William Blagrove, 5 School Street; John W. Folsom, 30 Union Street. In Cambridge tickets could be bought from William Hilliard at the “Cambridge Book Store.” In the advertisement of Gilbert & Dean in the Independent Chronicle, October 9, 1808, it is represented that “nearly one million dollars have been distributed from these offices a large proportion of which fell into the hands of poor, honest and industrious people. This shows the good effect of lotteries, and more particularly shows the remarkable good success of those who purchase their tickets at the above offices. It is presumed that after perusing the above facts any person will be convinced of the superior chance they can have by purchasing their tickets at the Real Fortunate Lottery Offices of Gilbert & Dean,” etc. A joint advertisement of Gilbert & Dean and Kidder (Independent Chronicle, July 7, 1808) appeals to the rural population. After listing in bold faced type the prize tickets sold through their offices in the preceding class of the Harvard Lottery of 1806, they say — “We often have accounts of ‘mammoth cheeses,’ ‘apples,’ ‘pears,’ ‘pompions,’ etc., but like falsehood they are hollow hearted, — none of them are so solid or contain half the ‘pith and marrow’ which may be found in the ‘mammoth prize,’ which is now for sale (it may fairly be presumed from the appearance above) either at the office of Gilbert & Dean, or W. Kidder. . . .”

The following example of current wit appears in the Independent Chronicle, June 27, 1808:

An advertisement of Gilbert & Dean (Independent Chronicle, March 24, 1809) opens with a woodcut of four persons in a row boat fishing with rods in a pond swarming with fish, decorated with dollar signs and figures. This is followed by a piece of doggerel entitled:

(A new lottery song to be sung to the tune of ‘There are Sweepers in High Life as well as in Low’):

Some other advertisements relating to the Hanard College Lottery of 1794 are collected in a note to Albert Matthews, “Sir Matthew Holworthy and Lady Holworthy,” our Publications, xiii. 154–158.

280 “The adventurers are principally confined to the laboring classes.” Thomas Man, Pictures of a Factory Village, p. 119. (Boston Athenaeum.) The following advertisement of “situations wanted” follows immediately after a list of the winning tickets, in the advertisement of the Lottery Office of W. & T. Kidder, 9 Market Square — “Persons in want of employment, such as clerks, apprentices, supercargos, coachmen, boys in families, nurses, cooks, chambermaids, kitchen maids, or servants, or who have houses or stores to sell or let, or any other kind of intelligence are requested to call. Gentlemen and ladies in want of persons in any of the above situations, or in want of houses or stores are likewise requested to call. Merchants and shopkeepers can be immediately supplied with clerks and apprentices. Wanted immediately 10 or 20 maids and cooks, also 6 or 8 boys. Silver change bought and sold.” (Independent Chronicle, June 29, 1807.)

281 At a meeting held July 3, 1794, the Corporation voted:

“Whereas by the Act passed by the General Court upon the 14th of June, 1794 granting a lottery for raising ‘the sum of eight thousand pounds for the purpose of erecting a building for the use of the University of Cambridge,’ it is required that the Corporation should allow the managers of said Lottery compensation for their services; and the Corporation having conferred with said managers:

“Voted: That five per centum be and it hereby is allowed to the Managers of the said Lottery upon the amount of the tickets which may be by them respectively sold: they the said managers to pay the charges of printing the tickets, and all other incidental expences whatever, which may accrue or arise from the managing & drawing of the several classes of the said Lottery: — The Corporation being subject to make a farther reasonable allowance to said Managers, out of the proceeds of the Lottery, upon the amount of any of the tickets which may be unsold, and returned to the Corporation on account of the Lottery, previous to the drawing of any of the classes thereof.” (Corporation Records, iii. 454.)

The managers took exception to this vote and sent the following letter to the Corporation:

“Boston, July 5, 1794

Gentlemen:

We have considered your vote of the 3^d July inst; allowing the Managers five per centum on such Lottery tickets as should be sold, and reasonable allowance upon the amount of any tickets unsold which might be returned to the Corporation. We conceive the rate of allowance on the latter tickets remaining unsettled arises rather from a desire to stimulate the Managers to exertion, than from an idea that the premium of three per centum which they demanded was exorbitnnt. But Ke do not think that this consideration is sufficient to postpone the fixing of the premium to a time when circumstances may arise to render it much more difficult to do it, than it is at present. Such of us as were concerned in the management of the State Lottery are conscious that this motive was not necessary to induce us to exertion then, although, at that time, no distinction was made between the sold and unsold tickets, and we in fact received the ahole premium upon both. We therefore request that the vote of the Corporation may be made certain, with regard to the tickets of the latter class.

We are, Gentlemen

With respect your obedient Servants

Benjamin Austin, Junior

George R’ds Minot,

Sam’l Cooper.”

(Id., iii. 455.)

The letter was discussed at a meeting of the Corporation held July 8, and the following resolution adopted: “The Corporation, by a vote of the 3d instant, having subjected themselves to make a reasonable allowance to the Managers of the College Lottery, out of the proceeds of said Lottery, upon the amount of any of the tickets which may be unsold, and returned to the Corporation previous to the Drawing of any of the Classes thereof; and the Managers not being content to enter upon the business of said Lottery a7 appears by their letter of the 5th instant, without a precise sum being allowed them for those tickets, Voted: That the premium of three percentum, which the said Managers require, be allowed upon such unsold tickets, returned as above.” (Corporation records, iii. 456.)

282 Independent Chronicle, July 14, 1794.

283 Harvard College Papers, iii., Supp., Nos. 64–67.

284 The practice of selling “halves,” “quarters” and “eighths” originated in the lottery offices and prevailed in most of the lotteries including the Harvard College Lottery of 1806. The tickets for fractions were signed by the proprietors of the lottery offices. They were sold at an advanced price. For instance — if whole tickets were quoted at $8, quarters were quoted at $2.12. This practice drew in as adventurers many people who could not afford whole tickets. These tickets had a par value of $5; the “premiums” being retained by the lottery offices. “According to the usual custom these offices will be kept open until 9 o’clock this evening to accommodate those who wish for tickets at the present prices. The price tomorrow morning will rise to 8 dolls. 50, quarters — 2 dolls. 25.” (Advertisement of Gilbert & Dean, Independent Chronicle, July 14, 1808.)

285 Independent Chronicle, June 11, 1795. “The managers understanding that adventurers in general were dissatisfied at so much money being absorbed in the high prizes, as has hitherto been the practice, have now presented a scheme which they hope will meet with general approbation.”

286 Id., November 5, 1795.

287 The following announcement appears in Id., April 7, 1796. The managers “do not consider themselves justified in proceeding with the drawing immediately,” in view of the probability that “the whole grant of the government would not be raised.”

288 In a letter addressed to the Corporation dated August 29, 1796, the managers stated their intention “still to continue to assure the public that we shall positively draw at the time aforesaid (Sept. 15th) but that if more than one-quarter of the tickets should then be on hand” and the Corporation shall still decline to take them, the managers will in that case, “think it their duty to the public and themselves to advertise that they will return the money to the Adventurers.” At the same time they were willing to assure the Corporation that there would be no more than 10,000 tickets returned. (Harvard College Papers, iii, Nos. 201–202.)

In the Independent Chronicle, September 15, 1796, the managers announced to the public — “The managers of the Harvard College Lottery are preparing with all expedition the Wheels for drawing the Fourth Class of said Lottery which is positively to commence next Thursday week. On that day the Wheels will go their rounds and throw into the lap of some fortunate ones the following noble prizes, with many others that are tolerable, . . . Who these fortunate ones will be the chance of the Wheels must determine, each one with propriety may then exclaim ‘It may be I.’”

289 At a meeting of the Corporation held Sept. 29, 1796, the following vote was passed — “The managers of the Harvard College Lottery having rendered their account of the tickets in the fourth class unsold it appeared that the number was so great as to render it inexpedient for the college to take the risque; therefore,

“VOTED, unanimously that the managers adjourn the further drawing of the lottery to the first day of December next to give opportunity to the Corporation to take such measures as will undoubtedly enable them to go on with the drawing at that time, without further delay. In the meantime it is earnestly recommended to the lovers of literature and the college to aid the cause by the purchase of tickets, that the necessary purpose for which the money is to be raised may be speedily effected.” (Corporation Records, iii, 503.) A copy of this vote, attested by Joseph Willard, President, was delivered to the managers and by them printed in connection with the following announcement bearing the signatures of the five managers, in the Independent Chronicle, September 29, 1796:

290 Independent Chronicle, January 12, 1797, and February 13, 1797.

291 Books of the Treasurer (Ebenezer Storer); Accounts of the “Managers of the Lottery” and “The New College”; Ledger “C” pp. 102–104, 157. In these accounts the proceeds of the classes are given as 1st and 2nd classes, $10,036.15; 3rd class, $5803.30 and 4th, $1927.10. Henry Warren is credited with having made good $1302 losses on tickets.

292 From a working sheet apparently made up in the treasurer’s office, and now in the Harvard College Papers, iv. No. 175, it appears that the receipts by the years were as follows:

293 At a meeting held February 10, 1797, it was voted as follows: “Whereas the Corporation consider themselves, by the Act of the Legislature passed June 4, 1794, granting a Lottery for raising the sum of £8000 & C, required only to settle the compensation to be allowed the Managers for their services.

“VOTED: That the allowance be five per cent on all the monies received for tickets, they the said Managers to pay the charges for printing the tickets and all other incidental expences whatever, which may accrue or arise from the managing and drawing of the Classes of said Lottery, and that, in all other matters, the said Managers act under the provisions of said Law, and place no dependence upon the Corporation taking any unsold tickets — in future.” (Corporation Records, iv. 507, February 10, 1797.)

294 A letter from Austin in the Independent Chronicle of August 17, 1797, is typical of Austin’s communications and shows the kind of man the College had to deal with:

295 Silvanus Reed, born in 1755, was a son of James Reed who commanded the second regiment at Bunker Hill. James Reed was one of the original settlers of Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire, formerly known as “Monadnoc No. 4.” He was later appointed a Brigadier General by the Provincial Congress. Silvanus and his brother, James, served in their father’s regiment at Bunker Hill. Silvanus was “much in town business” in Boston, where he was known as “Colonel” Reed. Whatever he collected on his prize ticket could not have lasted long, for the inventory of his estate, filed in 1798, consisted of household and personal effects of $137.52, and some promissory notes on which his wife, Caroline, as administratrix collected $60. (J. W. Reed, History of the Reed Family, pp. 78–79; Suffolk Probate Records, xcvii. 143–145, 606.)

See also Independent Chronicle, August 10 and 14, 1797, and Columbian Centinel, August 16, 1797.

296 Corporation Records, iv. 533, March 13, 1798:

297 Records of the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk County, 1798; Records of the Supreme Judicial Court for Suffolk County, 1800, No. 71.

298 Corporation Records, iv. 533, March 1, 1798.

299 On August 28, 1797, Judge Lowell, Mr. Bowdoin and the treasurer were appointed a committee to “confer with the managers of the college lottery and ripen matters for settlement.” (Corporation Records, iv, p. 528.) At the end of the record of the meeting of June 10, 1798, is entered — “At this meeting some measures were determined upon respecting settlement with the managers of the college lottery.” (Corporation Records, iv. 540.)

300 Corporation Records, iv. 95.

301 Independent Chronicle, August 11, 1806.

302 At the rate of 500 tickets per diem 14,500 would be disposed of before the drawing of the grand prize, thus raising the chance of every undrawn ticket (which started at 1 in 20,000) to 1 in 5500.

303 The plans are printed in detail in the current newspapers (Independent Chronicle and Columbian Centinel).

1st class plan published August 11, 1806, and Sept. 15, 1806; drawing commenced Jan. 22, 1807.

2nd class plan published March 2, 1807; drawing commenced May 21, 1807.

3rd class plan published July 20, 1807, and Dec. 22, 1807; drawing commenced Jan. 14, 1808.

4th class plan published April 21, 1808; drawing commenced May 30, 1808.

5th class plan published Feb. 27, 1811, and Mar. 4, 1811; drawing commenced June 19, 1811.

6th class plan published Nov. 13, 1811.

7th class plan published Feb. 1, 1812; drawing commenced Nov. 4, 1812.

304 “One of the quarters is owned by five ladies in this town (a fine sum for pin money), two quarters not yet heard from, and one on hand owned by Gilbert & Dean.” (Advertisement of Gilbert & Dean, Independent Chronicle July 21, 1808.) As proof of Fortune’s favor, the sale by Gilbert & Dean of the ticket that won the grand prize of $20,000 in the second class to Mr. Leonard Stone, carpenter of Watertown, and another that won $5000 to William W. Clap of Buxton, Me., is proclaimed in an advertisement in the Independent Chronicle, July 20, 1807.

305 Corporation Records, iv. 150, 164, 207, 212, 225, 247.

306 Id., iv. 186.

307 Id., iv. 196.

308 See case of Gilbert & Dean v. Williams, 8 Mass. Rep. 476. Several trunkfuls of tickets, some bearing endorsements of the owners, have been preserved and are in the Harvard College Library.

309 John Davis and John Lowell.

310 Corporation Records, v. 17.

311 Id., v. 39.

312 In the “Book of Donations” in the custody of the Treasurer of Harvard College appears this item: “Treasurer Davis says that $29,000 was realized.” See also Ledger “e,” p. 52.

313 Albert Matthews, “Sir Matthew Holworthy and Lady Holworthy,” our Publications, xiii. 154–158.

314 “Compiled” means, of course, “composed” — not “compiled” in the modern sense.

315 Colophon: “Impkinted [sic] at at [sic] London by Iohn Day, dwelling ouer Aldersgate, beneath Saincte Martins. Cum gratia & priuilegio Regiæ Maiestatis, per Septennium. ¶These bokes are to be sold at his shoppe vnder the gate.” Strype signalizes the publication (Annals of the Reformation, i [1725]. 256).

316 Registers of the Company of Stationers, ed. Arber, ii. 786–787.

317 Adam Winthrop was for some time Auditor of the accounts of St. John’s (Life and Letters of John Winthrop, i. 31–32).

318 He was probably the John Dawes who was B.A. of Cambridge 1536–7, M.A. 1540. See J. and J. A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i. ii. 19.

319 Thomas, second Baron Wentmorth, was appointed Deputy of Calais on September 13, 1553, and assumed the duties in December. He surrendered the town to the Duke of Guise on January 7, 1558. He was tried for high treason on April 22, 1559, and acquitted (Dictionary of National Biography, lx. 266). Queen Mary died on November 17, 1558.

320 The Commentarii de Statu Religionis et Reipublicæ Carolo Quinto Cæsare of Johannes Sleidanus (Philippson) was published in 1555 at Strassburg. The preface is dated “X. Cal. April. M.D.LV.” Daus’s translation appeared in 1560: A Famovse Cronicle of oure time, called Sleidanes Commentaries, concerning the State of Religion and common wealth, during the raigne of the Emperour Charles the fift. . . . Translated out of Latin into Englishe by Ihon Daus. Colophon: Imprinted at London by Ihon Daye, for Abraham Veale, and Nicholas England. 1560. The 25. of September. Cum Priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. Daus’s dedication (to “Fraunces, Earle of Bedford, Lord Russel”) is dated “The Kalendes of August. Anno. 1560.”

321 The Institvtion of Christian Religion, vvrytten in Latine by maister Ihon Caluin, and translated into Englysh according to the authors last edition. . . . at London by Reinolde Wolfe & Richarde Harison. Anno. 1561. The colophon specifies “The yeare of our Lorde. 1561. The 6. day of Maye.” There is a copy in the Harvard College Library. Daus’s connection with the enterprise is considered in the following curious apology, which stands on the verso of the title-page:

The friend here mentioned was Thomas Norton (1532–1584), famous as lawyer, persecutor, and poet, who shared with Sackville the authorship of Gorboduc. See his own account of his translation in the fourth edition of The Institution (1599).

322 Something followed (perhaps a signature) in the next line, but it has been trimmed off by the binder, except for two illegible fragments of letters. The volume was rebound in July, 1840.

323 Historical Manuscripts Commission, 9th Report, Appendix, Part I, p. 255.

324 Nathaniell Bacon, The Annalls of Ipsw^che, ed. by W. H. Richardson, 1884, p. 330. On December 9, 1580, the town authorities had resolved that Smith should “be presented to the B^p for his allowance [i. e., approval] of him to be m^r of the Grammer Schoole” (Bacon, p. 326).

325 J. and J. A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i. ii. 19.

326 Bacon, p. 272.

327 Bacon, p. 316.

328 Bacon, p. 277.

329 Bacon, p. 287.

330 Suffolk in 1568, being the Returns for a Subsidy granted in 1566, [edited by S. H. A. Hervey,] 1909, p. 158.

331 Bacon, p. 297. Cf. pp. 296 (1573), 316 (1577), 323 (1580), 331 (April 6, 1582). The charter recites that the school was “founded by our most dear father Henry VIII” (John Wodderspoon, Memorials of the Ancient Town of Ipswich, 1850, p. 89). But the school, in some form, is older than that. The schoolhouse is mentioned in 1482, and the Ipswich archives preserve a document of 2 Henry VII (August 22, 1486–August 21, 1487): “The counterpart of a grant in fee-farm, at a yearly rent of three shillings and fourpence, by the Bailiffs burgesses and community of Gippewic to John Squyer clerk, and to his heirs and assigns, of a piece of the common soil of the said town, under the walls of the Freres Preachers . . . ; with further yearly rent of a red rose; the said John Sqyer being also bound to build and erect on the said land ‘unam latrinam pro pueris grammaticalibus ejusdem ville’” (9th Report, as above, pp. 246, 235; cf. p. 236).

332 W. A. Copinger, The Manors of Suffolk, vi. 99.

333 Calendars of the Proceedings in Chancery, ii. (1830), 108.

334 Proceedings Suffolk Institute of Archæology and Natural History, vi. (1888) 391; cf. Copinger, vi. 99.

335 Venns, i. ii. 19.

336 Bacon, pp. 316, 323.

337 Venns, i. ii. 19.

338 See Abiel Abbot, History of Andover, 1829, pp. 105–108.

339 She was the daughter of the Hon. Nathaniel Gorham of Charlestown. Mr. Stephen W. Phillips has helped me in genealogical matters.

340 See the facsimile of his signature in Bond’s Watertown, ii. 873. For the family see Bond, ii. 872 ff.

341 As to Robert Feake see Bond, i. 206; ii. 757.

342 For the family troubles of the Feakes see R. C. Winthrop, Jr., 2 Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., vi. 1–20.

343 John Winthrop to his wife, April 28, 1629 (Life and Letters, i. 290); Lucy Downing to John Winthrop, Jr., August 8, 1629 (5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., i. 7).

344 Life and Letters of John Winthrop, ii. 34–35.

345 John Winthrop to John, Jr., March 28, 1631 (Life and Letters, ii. 61); Margaret Winthrop to the same (id., ii. 87–88).

346 John Winthrop, History of New England, ed. Savage, i. 82–83 (68–69).

347 Lucy Downing to John Winthrop, February 24, 1643 (5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., i. 34).

348 John Winthrop, History, ii. 182 (151); 4 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vi. 174; vii. 412.

349 In a document of April 9, 1642, Feake is described as “now sick” (New York Colonial Documents, ii. 144). In a letter of his son-in-law (Thomas Lyon), April 14, 1648, he is spoken of as “destracted” some time before the date of the letter (2 Mass. Hist. Proc., vi. 6). Cf. Savage’s Dictionary, n. 150; Josephine C. Frost, Ancestors of Henry Rogers Winthrop and his Wife, 1927, p. 191.

350 Theophilus Eaton to John Winthrop, Jr., 1648 (4 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vi. 348–350, 353); Thomas Lyon’s letters (2 Mass. Hist, Soc. Proc, vi. 5–7); Connecticut Records, May 17, 1649, ed. Trumbull, i. 186; Governor John Haynes to John Winthrop, Jr., May 18, 1649 (4 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vi. 360).

351 4 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vi. 521–523; 2 Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc, vi. 11–12.

352 New York Colonial Documents, ii. 717. Cf. 2 Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc, vi. 13.

353 Bond’s Watertown, i. 206.

354 Mess. Archives, MS., vi. 341.

355 Boston, 1853, vi. Part i, p. 422

356 Massachusetts Bay Colony Records, ii. 209.

357 Mass. Archives, xlvii. 35.

358 5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 212.

359 Joshua Brackett was born in Greenland, N. H., in May, 1733, and graduated from Harvard in 1752. After entering the ministry he withdrew from that profession in order to study medicine with Dr. Clement Jackson of Portsmouth. He became a skilful and successful practitioner. In 1783 he was elected an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and ten years later he became president of the New Hampshire Medical Society. On the fortieth anniversary of his graduation Harvard conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.D. He died at Portsmouth, July 17, 1802. See N. Adams, Annals of Portsmouth, p. 321.

360 John Adams, Works, ii. 240.

361 161 J 32.

362 5 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 224.

363 Manuscript at the American Antiquarian Society, with the manuscript of Mather’s autobiography. I quote from a copy of the original made by A. P. Marvin.

364 Andros Tracts, ii. 293.

365 Probably Stephen Mason. See K. B. Murdock, Increase Mather, p. 280 note.

366 Ibid.

367 I. Mather, The Great Blessing of Primitive Counsellors, 1693, p. 8.

368 Murdock, pp. 276 ff.

369 Id., p. 312.

370 (O. Gill and others), Some Few Remarks upon a Scandalous Book, 1701, pp. 27–28.

371 Stephen Mason. For his relations with Mather, see Murdock, passim.

372 Mather, while in England, received some money on account of the gift of William Pennoyer to Harvard College. See our Publications, xvi. 411. Evidently he borrowed some of this money to meet expenses of the agency.

373 Thomas Lake (1656–1711), born in Boston, was a London barrister. His sister Anne later became the second wife of Increase Mather. See Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society Collections, iii. 100 ff.

374 What Mr. Bendall is referred to I do not know; Dr. Cooke was doubtless Elisha Cooke, one of Mather’s fellow-agents.

375 The manuscript is illegible here and several words are omitted.

376 Mather’s account may be compared with that rendered by Dennys De Berdt on February 1, 1771 (Massachusetts Archives, xiii, 572–579); see our Publications, xiii. 302, note 2.

377 An address delivered at the Meeting House of the First Parish of Lancaster, Massachusetts, on the occasion of the two hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the town.

378 C. H. Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, p. 134.

379 A transcription to the first person of the original notes in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Records, ii. 55–56.

380 Suffolk Deeds, xiii. 344.

381 See Albert Matthews’s article in our Publications, xxi. 146.

382 Professor Kittredge in our Publications, xxi. 126. To this important article on Dr. Robert Child, the Remonstrant, I am greatly indebted for the facts here mentioned about Dr. Child and John Winthrop, Jr., although I venture to disagree with the witty and learned author about the character and purpose of the Remonstrance. See also my Builders of the Bay Colony, 1930.

383 Our Publications, xxi. 128.

384 Id., xxi. 9.

385 Id., xxi. 113.

386 2 Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., viii. 14.

387 Massachusetts Bay Colony Records, ii. 75.

388 J. L. Bishop, History of Manufacturing in the United States (1866), i. 477, contains the best account of Jenks.

389 G. E. Littlefield, The Early Massachusetts Press, 1638–1711, contains the best account of Day, and particularly of his part in the Nashaway venture. There are documents concerning Day in S. A. Green, Ten Facsimile Reproductions Relating to New England. See also R. F. Roden, The Cambridge Press, 1638–1692.

390 Winthrop (ed. 1826), ii. 161.

391 Id., ii. 306.

392 H. S. Nourse, Early Records of Lancaster, 12–13.

393 The buttery hatch — still a prominent feature of the Oxford and Cambridge colleges — was a sort of Dutch door in the original Harvard College building, with a shelf on the lower part which served as bar. The college stock of beer and wine was kept in the buttery, the name of which is derived from bottles, not butter.

394 “Sir” meant a student who had already taken his bachelor’s degree, and was studying for his master’s degree.

395 Nourse, p. 17.

396 Acts, ii. 3, iv. 32. Among such literal believers in the Bible as the early New Englanders, here was good authority for communism, and I have noted several instances of these verses being quoted by the poor against the rich. In every case prompt means were taken to convince the person that his interpretation was erroneous, and his utterance dangerous.

397 J. L. Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Harvard Graduates, i. 311.

398 Nouree, p. 309.

399 Nourse, p. 311.

400 Id., p. 38.

401 Id., p. 49.

402 Nourse, p. 50.

403 Modern Philology, October, 1904, ii. 173–195.

404 W. Wirt, Life of Patrick Henry (1818), p. 372. Judge Roane was a son-in-law of Patrick Henry.

405 For full particulars in regard to James Lynch, Stephen Lynch, and Charles Lynch, see Modern Philology, ii. 183–195.

406 Notes and Queries, June 5, 1909, 10th Series, xi. 445. Cf. 10th Series, xi. 515, xii. 52, 133, 174, 495; 11th Series, i. 55, 194, 273.

407 Annual Register (1816), pp. 175–176. At the end occur the words “Dublin Correspondent.”

408 For these, see Modern Philology, ii. 186–190.

409 Southern Literary Messenger, May, 1836, ii. 389. In his book called The Southern Literary Messenger (1905), p. 45, B. B. Minor merely says: “Thereafter, he [Poe] furnishes an editorial on the origin of Lynch’s Law and fifteen pages of critical notices.”

410 Modern Philology, ii. 187.

411 Journal of the House of Delegates, October 16, 27, November 17, 24, December 3, 4, 1787, pp. 4, 19, 51, 52, 66, 80, 82. Though these references prove that William Lynch was a member, yet curiously enough it is nowhere stated what county he represented, but that it was Pittsylvania County is shown in E. G. Swem and J. W. Williams’s Register of the General Assembly of Virginia 1776–1918 and of the Constitutional Conventions (1918), p. 27, printed in Fourteenth Annual Report of the Library Board of the Virginia State Library 1916–1917 To which is appended the Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Librarian (1917).

The Journals of the House of Delegates for the years 1777–1790 were printed at Richmond in 1827–1828, but as no volume contains either an index or even a list of delegates, their examination is a heart-rending process. In 1904 I had run through the Journals for the years 1777–1783 only, but Ellicott’s statement that his Captain Lynch “commenced legislator” led me to attack the Journals for the years 1784–1790, with the result detailed above.

412 In April, 1928, Sir William A. Craigie called my attention to this passage as printed (in part, but not in full) by Mrs. Catharine Van Cortlandt Mathews in her Andrew Ellicott: His Life and Letters, pp. 220–225, published in 1908. (As that was three or four years after the publication of Professor J. E. Cutler’s Lynch Law and of my former paper, we are absolved from the charge of having overlooked an important piece of evidence.) The portions printed by Mrs. Mathews give no clue as to the exact place where Ellicott met Captain Lynch, but it was natural to assume that it was somewhere along the border between Georgia and North Carolina; yet I could find no mention of Ellicott’s expedition in the histories of those States. Luckily, however, I was so fortunate as to ascertain that the manuscript of Ellicott’s diary was owned by Mr. Ellicott Douglass Curtis of Bantam, Conn., and the passage in the text is printed from a copy kindly furnished by Mr. Curtis. The sentences omitted by Mrs. Mathews are brief, but they prove that the meeting took place not in Georgia or North Carolina but in South Carolina. In her book (p. 220) Mrs. Mathews says that “this diary, in its present form, appears to have been written up from notes, after his return home,” which was in May, 1812. Even so, the diary could not have been written later than 1820, in which year Ellicott died. Of the survey he made in 1811–1812, little seems to be known.

413 The name is found in various forms: Olenoy, Oolenoe, Oolenoi, Oolenoy, etc.

414 Variously called “Table Mountain,” “Table Rock,” “Table Rock Mountain.”

415 The political divisions of South Carolina at that time are puzzling in the extreme: cf. Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, li. 30–31 note.

416 Statistics of South Carolina, p. 680. A footnote says: “Near to Captain Lynch’s house runs the 35th degree of north latitude. It was here that this important point was first ascertained.” It will be noted that Mills employs the present tense, implying that John Lynch was alive in 1826.

417 Map of “Pickens & Anderson, formerly Pendleton District, South Carolina Surveyed by Scribling, Improved for Mills’ Atlas.” Mills’s Atlas of the State of South Carolina has no date on the title-page, but no doubt was published at the time his Statistics of South Carolina appeared, for in the preface to the latter work Mills wrote: “Much labour has been bestowed in preparing this work; in order that it might serve as an appendix to the author’s ‘Atlas of the State.’ A correct idea of the several sections of the state, could not be formed without it” (p. v). The maps are quite remarkable. It would seem as if Scribling, when surveying Pendleton District, must have met John Lynch.

418 Geography of South Carolina, p. 120. It will be noted that Simms uses the past tense, implying that John Lynch was then dead. The statement, however, has no corroborative value, as it is obviously based on that of Mills.

419 Nothing further is known of this person.

420 Ellicott employed the terms “Lynch laws” and “Lynch-men” in 1811, or six years before the hitherto earliest known appearance of the term under any form.

421 His tombstone in the old Lynch burying-ground has this inscription:

nathaniel lynch, born in pittsylvania co., va. nov. 28, 1790.

died in pickens county feb. 20, 1861.

a devoted member of the baptist church for 30 years.

he followed virtue as his truest Guide,

lived like a christian, as a christian died.

This information comes from Miss Esther Edens of Pickens, S. C., who kindly undertook an investigation for me. Unless otherwise stated, all my data about the Lynch family of Pendleton District have been furnished by Miss Edens, who is a descendant of Captain William Lynch.

422 For information about the grants in 1798 and 1811 to William Lynch and William Lynch, Jr., I am indebted to Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., of Columbia, S. C.

423 Captain William Lynch’s will follows:

As the probate documents (which are recorded in the court house in Anderson, Anderson County, S. C.) are written in obscure hands, perhaps a few words are incorrectly transcribed.

A document dated September 8, 1820, reads: “. . . whereas William Lynch late of Pendleton Dist. deceased did in his last will and testament leave to his surviving widow more stock of various kinds and other property than she feels desposed to keep Your petitioners therefore pray you to grant order of sale to despose of such property as shall meet with her approbation. John M. Lynch.” Another document dated September 2, 1822, reads: “One hogshead of tobacco Three feather beds and other household furniture, a quantity of farm tools and carpenter tools which is about to become expensive and bothersome to the estate of the late William Lynch deceased Therefore, I, Ann Lynch, wife of the late William Lynch deceased, having had the above list of Property to me by the said William in his will I therefore Pray your honor to order a sale for said property in order that the legacies may have their right agreeable to the will of the said William and Sir your compliance will oblige yours Ann Lynch.”

424 For this extract I am indebted to the officials of the Library of Congress. Are the words “the good will of all honest people who knew him” a covert allusion to his connection with lynch law? Captain William Lynch’s grave is about ten miles from the court house in Pickens County, about one mile west of the Lynch burying-ground, and about one hundred yards from the house where he lived at the time of his death. There is a stone wall around his grave, but no tombstone.

425 For this extract I am indebted to the officials of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. John M. Lynch died before February 13, 1824, for on February 24 Banister Stone, of Greenville District, S. C., was appointed administrator on his estate.

John M. Lynch and Captain William Lynch’s son John Lynch may have been one and the same man, though I imagine not. In 1826 a John Lynch (as I am informed by Mr. M. H. Lesesne of Pickens, S. C.) was granted land on Cane Creek, a branch of Keowee River, in Pickens County. If that John Lynch was the son of Captain William Lynch, obviously he and John M. Lynch were two different men. The matter is of small importance, for it has been proved that Captain William Lynch had a son John, who inherited the land on which his father lived when the latter died.

426 The discrepancy in title is not, I think, important. If it be true that an Englishman “dearly loves a lord,” it is equally true that an American dearly loves a title. Ellicott in 1811, the obituary in 1820, and Mills in 1826 called him “Captain,” and the notice further stated that he was “an old revolutionary soldier.” No William Lynch, however, is found in the List of Revolutionary Soldiers of Virginia (in Eighth Annual Report of the Library Board of the Virginia State Library, 1912) or in the List of Revolutionary Soldiers of Virginia (Supplement) (in Ninth Annual Report of the Library Board of the Virginia State Library, 1913). If William Lynch really held the title of Captain in 1820, it could easily have been magnified into “Colonel” by 1836.

427 Modern Philology, ii. 187. Charles Lynch had an older brother John, the founder of Lynchburg, Va., who also has sometimes been called the author of lynch law; and there has been hopeless confusion between the two brothers. In a conversation alleged to have taken place in 1834 but not recorded until 1859, the speaker, giving no christian name, said: “I knew Mr. Lynch well, . . . He was for many years the senior and presiding justice of the County Court of Pittsylvania, . . . His advanced age prevented him from taking the field during the War of Independence, . . . Our flourishing town of Lynchburg received its name in compliment to his worth” (n. 188–189). Charles Lynch was of Bedford County, he fought in the Revolution, he was only sixty when he died in 1796, and Lynchburg was probably named not for him but for his brother John. The passage is a fair sample of the wild statements made about a century ago.

428 That he made his mark in signing his will was probably owing to physical weakness, for in 1799 he had signed his name to a deed.

429 Miss Elizabeth H. Jervey of Charleston examined for me various South Carolina newspapers for the months of June-December, 1820, but found no allusion to anyone of the name of Lynch.

430 Cf. our Publications, vii. 94–125.

431 The earliest example hitherto recorded is dated August 12, 1836 (R. H. Thornton, American Glossary, i. 95). But two or three months before that, “A Spaniard and a Frenchman . . . went out to settle an affair of honor. . . . When all the parties were ready and stripped for the occasion, with two large Bowie-knives, (an instrument about twelve inches in length, and an inch and a half wide, with two edges tapering to a sharp point), and the word ‘ready’ was given, both rushed to the contest!” (Niles’ Register, June 4, 1836, l. 234, quoting the Greene County, Ohio, Gazette). Both contestants were killed.

432 Niles Register, September 29, 1838, lv. 70.

433 Cf. Proceedings American Antiquarian Society, xix. 21–65.

434 Rutland (England) Magazine, iii. 78–80; Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries, iii. 163.

435 A. Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts, pp. 309, 310; A. Holmes, American Annals (1805), i. 243 note.